Lesson 2 and Others: Theoretical Dimensions & Determinants of Development, Motivation, and Adjustment

Question 1

explain Psychoanalytic Perspective in concept and treatment

Answer 1

𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗽𝘁: Rooted in Freudian theory, unconscious conflicts
𝗧𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗙𝗼𝗰𝘂𝘀 bring unconscious thoughts and feelings to consciousness; free association and dream analysis

Question 2

Key Ideas in Psychoanalytic Perspective

Answer 2

• Unresolved Conflicts: unresolved conflicts between the id, ego, and superego
• Defense Mechanisms
• Early Childhood

Question 3

Behavioristic Perspective Concept

Answer 3

behavior is learned through conditioning

Question 4

Treatment Focus in Behavioristic Perspective

Answer 4

exposure therapy, systemic desensitization, and reinforcement strategies

Question 5

Key Ideas in Behavioristic Perspective

Answer 5

• Classical Conditioning (association)
• Operant Conditioning (reinforced positively or negatively)
• Modeling

Question 6

Humanistic-Existential Perspective Concept

Answer 6

struggle with existential issues like meaning, authenticity, and choice

Question 7

Key Ideas in Humanistic-Existential Perspective

Answer 7

• Self-actualization
• existential crisis
• feelings of worthlessness

Question 8

Humanistic-Existential Perspective Treatment Focus

Answer 8

• self-exploration
• authenticity
• personal growth

Question 9

Socio-Cultural Perspective Concept

Answer 9

sociocultural norms, family dynamics, and cultural expectations

Question 10

Socio-Cultural Perspective Treatment Focus

Answer 10

• community support
• family therapy

Question 11

Key Ideas in Socio-Cultural Perspective

Answer 11

• Cultural Relativity
• Social Roles and Expectations
• Family Dynamics: Dysfunctional family interactions and communication patterns
• Stigma and Discrimination

Question 12

Biological Perspective

Answer 12

genetics, neurochemistry, and brain structure abnormalities

Question 13

Biological Perspective Treatment Focus

Answer 13

psychopharmacology (e.g., antidepressants, antipsychotics), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or other medical intervention

Question 14

Biological Perspective Key Ideas

Answer 14

• Genetic Predisposition
• Neurotransmitter Imbalances
• Brain Structure and Function

Question 15

Interpersonal Perspective

Answer 15

dysfunctional interpersonal relationships and communication patterns

Question 16

Treatment Focus in Interpersonal Perspective

Answer 16

Interpersonal therapy (IPT) focuses on improving interpersonal skills, resolving conflicts, and enhancing social support.

Question 17

Key Ideas in Interpersonal Perspective

Answer 17

• Interpersonal Relationships (Poor-quality relationships)
• Attachment Issues
• Social Support
• Communication Patterns

Question 18

Cognitive Perspective

Answer 18

maladaptive thinking patterns and beliefs.

Question 19

Treatment Focus: of Cognitive Perspective

Answer 19

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) aims to identify and challenge maladaptive thoughts and beliefs, replacing them with more adaptive ones.

Question 20

Cognitive Perspective Key Ideas

Answer 20

• Cognitive Distortions: catastrophizing, overgeneralization, or black-and-white thinking
• Belief Systems
• Automatic Thoughts
• Cognitive Schemas

Question 21

Determinants of Development

Answer 21

• Biological - genetics, brain development, and physical growth
• Psychological factors - cognitive and emotional processes
• Social and environmental conditions – shaping behavior and personality

Question 22

Specific developmental tasks:

Answer 22

• acquiring life skills
• developing a sense of identity
• building social relationships

Question 23

Human behavior is driven by various needs

Answer 23

• biological (food, sleep)
• psychological (self-esteem, belonging)
• ego-integrative (personal growth, purpose)

Question 24

Unmet needs =

Answer 24

frustration or unhealthy coping strategies

Question 25

Adjustment Demands and Stress

Answer 25

frustration, conflict, and pressure

Question 26

reaction to stress = ___

Answer 26

adaptive or maladaptive behavior

Question 27

Maladaptive responses to stress (__ or ___) = ___

Answer 27

(avoidance or aggression) = personality disorders

Question 28

adaptive responses promote ___

Answer 28

resilience and healthy functioning

Question 29

differentiate Adaptive vs. Maladaptive Behaviors

Answer 29

Adaptive Behaviors: Positive coping mechanisms that facilitate adjustment to life’s challenges.

Maladaptive Behaviors: Dysfunctional responses that hinder personal growth

Question 30

Adaptive Behaviors includes:

Answer 30

• Problem-solving
• emotional regulation
• seeking support

Question 31

Maladaptive Behaviors includes:

Answer 31

• Denial
• withdrawal, or unhealthy dependence
• often linked to personality disorders

Question 32

Good Adjustment

Answer 32

flexibility, self-awareness, and effective stress management.

Healthy relationships, stable emotions, and resilience

Question 33

Poor Adjustment

Answer 33

inflexibility, emotional instability, and inability to cope with stress

mental health issues like anxiety, depression, or personality disorders

Question 34

Perspectives on the Causation of Abnormal Behavior

Answer 34

primary: direct cause of abnormal behavior (e.g., genetic disposition)
predisposing: long-term factors that increase vulnerability (e.g, family history)
precipitating: immediate triggers (eg., traumatic events)
reinforcing: Factors that maintain abnormal behavior (e.g., attention, avoidance of stress).

Question 35

Biological Factors

Answer 35

Genetics, brain chemistry, and neurodevelopmental issues contribute to abnormal behavior

Question 36

Psychosocial Factors

Answer 36

• Childhood Trauma: Abuse, neglect, or severe stress during early development.
• Parental Deprivation: Lack of emotional support or care from parents.
• Pathogenic Parent-Child Relationships: Dysfunctional dynamics between parent and child.
• Pathogenic Family Structures: Dysfunction within family systems, such as neglect.

Question 37

Sociocultural Factors

Answer 37

• War and Violence: Exposure to conflict can lead to PTSD and other disorders.
• Deviance-Producing Social Roles: Roles that encourage antisocial or harmful behavior
• Prejudice and Discrimination: Group bias and marginalization lead to stress and mental health issues.
• Economic and Employment Problems: Financial instability contributes to anxiety and depression.
• Technological and Social Change: Rapid change can lead to stress, isolation, and feelings of inadequacy.