Lesson 2 Flashcards
Developmental Paragigm
- Humans progress in predictable stages over time, and issues stem from events that halted progression
- Counselors goal is to recount past experience and correct
Developmental Paradigm (Nature of Relationship)
- Moderately directive
- Alliance between client and counselor is important
- Goal is to help resolve gaps not solved for in earlier stages of development
Developmental Paradigm (Emphasis of Treatment/Prominent Theme)
- Healthy development
- Focus on past experiences and how they relate to present difficulties
- Resolution of Conflict
- Achieve understanding and self awareness
Developmental Paradigm (Skills to be used)
- Active listening
- Client Observation
- Paraphrasing
- Feeling reflection
- Reflection of meaning
- Supportive Challenging
Humanistic Paradigm
- Congruence between thoughts, feelings, and emotions
- Congruence obtained by focusing on the here and now
- Counselor feels the client knows the answer, goal is to help them express it
- Emphasizes personal responsibility
- Requires close relationship
Humanistic Paradigm ( Nature of Relationship)
- Varies from nondirective (person centered existential) to highly directive
- Alliance is VERY important and aides treatment
Humanistic Paradigm (Emphasis in Treatment)
- Experiencing present moment
- Accepting personal responsibility
- Emphasize freedom of choice
- Fully in touch with ones self
Humanistic Paradigm (Skills to be used)
- Active listening
- Client observation
- Feeling reflection
- Reflection of meaning
- Supportive challenging
Cognitive-Behavioral Paradigm
- Pavlov’s Dog
- Reinforcement (or lack of) drives behavior
- Self-talk is driver of action
- Goal is to manipulate reinforcements through intervention
Cognitive-Behavioral Paradigm (Nature of relationship)
- highly directive
- Alliance only important to help client feel engaged and willing to participate
Cognitive-Behavioral Paradigm (Emphasis on Treatment)
- Identification of behavioral excess and inadequacies
- Identification of reinforcers
- Manipulation of reinforcers to change thoughts and behavior
Cognitive-Behavioral Paradigm (Skills to be used)
- Questioning
- Reflection of meaning
- supportive challenging
Human Communication
- Words and gestures (verbal and non-verbal)
- Context is important
- Can be used to manipulate or conceal
Non-Verbal Communication
- Body language (position and movement)
- Can be incongruent with verbal (speak up if this happens)
Passive Listening
- Easily distracted
- Could be thinking about day, how to respond, other items
Active Listening
- Undivided attention
- Observing body language
- Provide positive responses to illicit more from the speaker
Open Questions
- Solicits a lengthy response
- Begins with Who, What, Where, When, Why, and How
- Be weary of “Why” as it can be non-productive and aggressive
Closed Questions
- Single word response
- Used to help clarify or obtain specific information
- Could be referred to as leading questions
Clarifying Client Statements
- Paraphrasing
- Used to confirm and align understanding
- Utilized to bridge incongruence between verbal and non-verbal
- Must be achieved before moving on in the conversation
Client Data Collection
- Need qualitative not just quantitative
- includes values, expectations, attitudes, and time horizon
- not Net Worth, but Self Worth
Traditional Finance
- “Modern Portfolio Theory”
- developed in 50’s and 60’s
- Believed, 1) Investors are rational, 2) Markets are efficient, 3) Mean Variance Theory Governs, 4) Returns are determined by Risk (Beta)
Traditional Finance - Rational Investor
- Prefers more wealth over less
- Never confused by form of wealth (i.e. Dividend over Stock Sale
Traditional Finance - Efficient Market
- Stock price reflects relevant data
- No mispricings
- Impossible to “beat” market
Traditional Finance - Mean Variance Theory Governs
- Evaluation of stock based on mean value with some variances
- Expected return vs actual return