Lesson 2

Question 1

MARS model of individual behaviour and results

Answer 1

• motivation
• ability
• role perception
• situational factors

Question 2

Motivation

Answer 2

The force within a person that affects his or her direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behaviour.

Question 3

Ability

Answer 3

The natural aptitudes and learned capabilities required to successfully complete a task.

Question 4

Role perceptions

Answer 4

The degree to which a person understands the job duties assigned to or expected of him or her.

Question 5

Situational factors

Answer 5

This refers to conditions beyond the employee’s immediate control that constrain or facilitate behaviour and performance.

Question 6

5 types of individual behaviour in the workplace

Answer 6

• maintaining attendance
• task performance
• organizational citizenship
• counter-productive behaviours
• joining/staying with the organization

Question 7

Task performance

Answer 7

Refers to goal-directed behaviours under the individual’s control that support organizational objectives.

Question 8

Organizational citizenship behaviours (OCBs)

Answer 8

Various forms of cooperation and helpfulness to others that support the organization’s social and psychological context.

Question 9

Counterproductive work behaviours (CWBs)

Answer 9

Voluntary behaviours that have the potential to directly or indirectly harm the organization.

Question 10

Presenteeism

Answer 10

Attending scheduled work when one’s capacity to perform is significantly diminished by illness or other factors.

Question 11

Personality

Answer 11

The relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that characterize a person, along with the psychological processes behind those characteristics.

Question 12

Five-factor model (FFM)

Answer 12

The five broad dimensions representing most personality traits:

• consciousness
• neuroticism (emotional stability)
• openness to experience
• agreeableness
• extraversion

Question 13

Consciousness

Answer 13

Characterizes people who are organized, dependable, goal-focused, thorough, disciplined, methodical, and industrious.

People with low conscientiousness tend to be careless, disorganized, and less thorough.

Question 14

Agreeableness

Answer 14

This dimension includes the traits of being trusting, helpful, good-natured, considerate, tolerant, selfless, generous, and flexible.

People with low agreeableness tend to be uncooperative and intolerant of others needs’ as well as more suspicious and self-focused.

Question 15

Neuroticism

Answer 15

Characterized people who tend to be anxious, insecure, self-conscious, depressed, and temperamental.

In contrast, people with low neuroticism (high emotional stability) are poised, secure, and calm.

Question 16

Openness to experience

Answer 16

Refers to the extent to which people are imaginative, creative, unconventional, curious, nonconforming, autonomous, and aesthetically perceptive.

Those who score low tend to be more resistant to change, less open to new ideas, and more controversial and fixed in their ways.

Question 17

Extraversion

Answer 17

Characterizes people who are outgoing, talkative, energetic, sociable, and assertive.

The opposite is introversion, characterizes those who are quiet, cautious, and less interactive with others.

Question 18

Myers-Briggs type indicator (MBTI)

Answer 18

An instrument designed to measure the elements of Jungian personality theory, particularly preferences regarding perceiving and judging information.