LESSON 2 Flashcards
A ________ is a general approach to research determined by the kind of question that the research study hopes to answer.
Research Strategy
One group with one or more separate variables measured for each individual.
Data Structure 1
One or more variables measured per individual
Data Structure 1
Variables is/are described by descriptive statistics
Data Structure 1
May use category and/or numerical variables
Data Structure 1
Types of Data Structure 1
- Descriptive Research (descriptive research strategy)
- Behavioral Observation (observational research design)
- Quantifying Observtions
______ or ______ involves measuring one or more separate variables for each individual with the intent of simply describing the individual variables.
Descriptive Research or Descriptive Research Strategy
______ or ______ , the researcher observes and systematically records the behavior of individuals to describe the behavior.
Behavioral Observation or Behavioral Research Design
Frequency (how many)
Duration (how long)
Interval (gap between each behavior)
Quantifying Observations
Types of Observation
Naturalistic Observation
Participant Observation
Contrived Observation/Structured Observation
In ________ or “nonparticipant observation” a researcher observes behavior in a natural setting as unobtrusively as possible.
<the>
</the>
Naturalistic Observation
In _______, the researcher engages in the same activities as the people being observed in order to observe and record their behavior.
<experience>
</experience>
Participant Observation
________ or “structured observation” is the observation of behavior in settings arranged specifically to facilitate the occurrence of specific behaviors.
<force>
e.g Social Experiment
</force>
Contrived Observation
Strengths
- Behavior observed in the real world
- Useful for nonmanipulated behaviors
- Actual behaviors observed and recorded
Naturalistic Observation
Weaknesses
- Time-consuming
- Potential for observer influence
- Potential for subjective interpretation
Naturalistic Observation
Strengths
- When natural observation is impossible
- Get information not accessible otherwise
- Participation gives unique perspective
Participant Observation
Weakenesses
- Time-consuming
- Potential for loss of objectivity
- Increased chance for observer influence
Participant Observation
Strengths
- Do not have to wait for behaviors to occur
Contrived Observation
Weaknesses
- Less natural
Contrived Observation
A ______ research design is a research strategy that uses a ______ to obtain a description of a particular group of individuals.
< a instrument >
Surveys
Types of Questions
- Open-ended Questions (has variety of answers)
- Restricted Questions (its limited)
- Rating Scale Questions (has levels of answers)
Types of Surveys
- Internet Survey
- Mail Survey
- Telephone Survey
- In-person Survey
Strength
- Efficient to administer to a large number of participants
- Access to large number of individuals with common characteristics
- Survey can be individualized based on participant’s responses
Internet Survey
Weaknesses
- Initial expense for site
- Sample may not be representative
- Cannot control composition of the sample
Internet Survey
Strengths
- Convenient and anonymous
- Nonthreatening to participants
- Easy to administer
Mail Survey
Weaknesses
- Can be expensive
- Low response and nonresponse bias
- Unsure exactly who completes the survey
Mail Survey
Strength
- Can be conducted from home or office
- Participants can stay at home or office
Telephone Survey
Weaknesses
- Time-consuming
- Potential for interview bias
Telephone Survey
Strengths
- Efficient to administer with groups, 100% response rate, and flexible (groups or individual interviews)
In-person Survey
Weaknesses
- Time-consuming, with individual interviews, and risk of interview bias
In-person Survey
The _________ involves the in-depth study and detailed description of a single individual (or a very small group). A _______ may involve an intervention or treatment administered by the researcher. When a _______ does not include any treatment or intervention, it often is called ______.
‘Case Study’, often is called ‘Case History’
One group with 2 variables measured for each individual.
Data Structure 2
Non-experimental method of study
Data Structure 2
Measurement of two (2) variables for each participant
Data Structure 2
Goal is to describe the type and magnitude of relationship
Data Structure 2
Types of Data Structure 2
- Correlational Research
- Predictive Research Design
In the _______ two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship betwen them
Correlational Research/Method
Limitations of Correlational Research
- Can demonstrate the existence of a relationship
- Does not provide an explanation for the relationship
- Does not establish cause and effect relationship
Used to identify variables that will predict the outcome or criterion.
Predictive Research Design
Two (or more) groups with one variable compared for each group
Data Structure 3
One variable defines each group
Data Structure 3
Scores are measured on second variable
Data Structure 3
Both experimental and nonexperimental studies use this structure
Data Strucure 3
Types of Data Structure 3
- Experimental Research Design
- Independent Variable
- Dependent Variable
- Control Condition
- Experimental Condition
- Quasi-Experimental Research
- Pre-Test/Post-Test Design
- Longitudinal Design
The ________ is intended to anwer cause-and-effect questions about the relationship between two variables.
Experimental Research Design
Elements of an Experimental Research Design
- Manipulation
- Control
- Random Selection
- Random Assignment
- The variable being manipulated by the researchers
- Should consist of at least two (or more levels) treatment conditions which subject are exposed
Independent Variable
The variable that being observed or measured to access the affect of treatment.
Dependent Variable
Individuals in _______ do not receive the experimental treatment. Instead, they either receive no treatment or they receive a neutral, placebo treatment. The purpose of a _______ is to provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental condition.
Control Condition
Individuals in the _______ do receive the experimental treatment.
Experimental Condition
The _______ strategy uses some of the rigor and control exist in the experiments; however, ______ studies always contain a flaw that prevents the research from obtaining an absolute cause-and-effect answer
Quasi-Experimental Research
A research design in which the same assessment
measures are given to participants both before and after they have received a treatment or been exposed to a condition, with such measures used to determine if there are any changes that could be attributed to the treatment or condition.
Pre-Test/Post-Test
A is a research design that involves
repeated observations of the same variables over short or long periods of time.
Longitudinal Design
