LESSON 2

Question 1

A _______ is a general approach to research determined by the kind of question that the research study hopes to answer.

Answer 1

research strategy

Question 2

One group with one or more separate variables measured for each individual

Answer 2

Data Structure 1

Question 3

One or more
variables measured
per individual

Answer 3

Data Structure 1

Question 4

Variable/s is/are
described by
descriptive statistics

Answer 4

Data Structure 1

Question 5

May use category
and/or numerical
variables

Answer 5

Data Structure 1

Question 6

the __________, involves measuring one or more separate variables for each
individual with the intent of simply describing the individual variables.

Answer 6

Descriptive Research Strategy

Question 7

Data Structure 1

Answer 7

1. Descriptive Research
2. Behavioral Observation
3. Surveys
4. Case Study

Question 8

the __________, the researcher
observes and systematically records the behavior of individuals to describe the behavior.

Answer 8

observational research design

Question 9

Quantifying Observations

Answer 9

1. Frequency
2. Duration
3. Interval

Question 10

Types of Observations

Answer 10

1.Naturalistic Observation
2. Participant Observation
3. Contrived Observation/Structured Observation

Question 11

In _________ , or nonparticipant
observation, a researcher observes behavior in a natural setting as unobtrusively as possible.

Answer 11

naturalistic observation

Question 12

In _________, the researcher engages
in the same activities as the people being observed in order to observe and record their behavior.

Answer 12

participant observation

Question 13

_______, or ________,
is the observation of behavior in settings arranged specifically to facilitate the occurrence of specific behaviors

Answer 13

Contrived observation, structured observation

Question 14

Behavior observed in the real world

Useful for nonmanipulated behaviors

Actual behaviors observed and recorded

Answer 14

Naturalistic Observation STRENGTHS

Question 15

Time-consuming

Potential for observer influence

Potential for subjective interpretation

Answer 15

Naturalistic Observation WEAKNESSES

Question 16

When natural observation is impossible

Get information not accessible otherwise

Participation gives unique perspective

Answer 16

Participant Observation STRENGTHS

Question 17

Time-consuming

Potential for loss of objectivity

Increased chance for observer influence

Answer 17

Participant Observation WEAKNESSES

Question 18

Do not have to wait for behaviors to occur

Answer 18

Contrived Observation STRENGTHS

Question 19

Less Natural

Answer 19

Contrived Observation WEAKNESSES

Question 20

A __________ is a research study that uses a survey to obtain a description of a particular group of individuals.

Answer 20

survey research design

Question 21

Types of Questions

Answer 21

1. Open-ended questions
2. Restricted questions
3. Rating scale questions

Question 22

Efficient to administer to a large number of participants

Access to large number of individuals with common characteristics

Survey can be individualized based on participant’s responses

Answer 22

Internet Surveys STRENGTHS

Question 23

Initial expense for site

Sample may not be representative

Cannot control composition of the sample

Answer 23

Internet Surveys WEAKNESSES

Question 24

Convenient and anonymous

Nonthreatening to participants

Easy to administer

Answer 24

Mail Surveys STRENGTHS

Question 25

Can be expensive Low response rate and nonresponse bias Unsure exactly who completes the survey

Answer 25

Mail Surveys WEAKNESSES

Question 26

Can be conducted from home or office Participants can stay at home or office

Answer 26

Telephone Surveys STRENGTHS

Question 27

Time-consuming Potential for interviewer bias

Answer 27

Telephone Surveys WEAKNESSES

Question 28

Efficient to administer with groups 100% response rate flexible (groups or individual interviews)

Answer 28

In-person Surveys STRENGTHS

Question 29

Time-consuming with individual interview risk of interviewer bias

Answer 29

In-person Surveys WEAKNESSES

Question 30

The ______involves the in-depth study and detailed description of a single individual (or a very small group).

Answer 30

case study design

Question 31

When a case study does not include any treatment or intervention, it often is called a _____

Answer 31

case history

Question 32

A case study may involve an _____ or ____ administered by the researcher.

Answer 32

intervention or treatment

Question 33

One group with two variables measured for each individual

Answer 33

Data Structure 2

Question 34

Non-experimental method of study

Answer 34

Data Structure 2

Question 35

Measurement of two variables for each participant

Answer 35

Data Structure 2

Question 36

Goal is to describe the type and magnitude of relationship

Answer 36

Data Structure 2

Question 37

In the_______, two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between them

Answer 37

correlational method

Question 38

Data Structure 2

Answer 38

1. Correlational method 2. Predictive Research Design

Question 39

Can demonstrate the existence of a relationship Does not provide an explanation for the relationship Does not establish cause and effect relationship

Answer 39

LIMITATIONS of Correlational Research

Question 40

Correlation does not imply ______!

Answer 40

causation

Question 41

Used to identify variables that will predict the outcome or criterion.

Answer 41

Predictive Research Design

Question 42

Two (or more) groups with one variable compared for each group

Answer 42

Data Structure 3

Question 43

One variable defines each group

Answer 43

Data Structure 3

Question 44

Scores are measured on second variable

Answer 44

Data Structure 3

Question 45

Both experimental and non- experimental studies use this structure

Answer 45

Data Structure 3

Question 46

The ________ is intended to answer cause-and-effect questions about the relationship between two variables.

Answer 46

experimental research strategy

Question 47

Data Structure 3

Answer 47

1. experimental research strategy 2. Quasi-Experimental Research 3. Pre-test/Post-test Design 4. Longitudinal Design

Question 48

Elements of an Experimental Research Design

Answer 48

1. Manipulation 2. Control 3. Random Selection 4. Random Assignment

Question 49

The variable being manipulated by the researchers

Answer 49

Independent Variable

Question 50

Should consist of at least two (or more levels) treatment conditions to which subjects are exposed.

Answer 50

Independent Variable

Question 51

The variable that is being observed or measured to assess the affect of treatment.

Answer 51

Dependent Variable

Question 52

Individuals in a _____ do not receive the experimental treatment.

Answer 52

control condition

Question 53

Instead, they either receive no treatment or they receive a neutral, placebo treatment.

Answer 53

control condition

Question 54

The purpose of a control condition is to provide a ______ with the experimental condition.

Answer 54

baseline for comparison

Question 55

Individuals in the______ do receive the experimental treatment

Answer 55

experimental condition

Question 56

The _________ strategy uses some of the rigor and control that exist in experiments; however, _______ always contain a flaw that prevents the research from obtaining an absolute cause-and-effect answer

Answer 56

Quasi-Experimental Research

Question 57

A research design in which the same assessment measures are given to participants both before and after they have received a treatment or been exposed to a condition, with such measures used to determine if there are any changes that could be attributed to the treatment or condition.

Answer 57

Pre-test/Post-test Design

Question 58

A ______ is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables over short or long periods of time.

Answer 58

longitudinal study

Question 59

PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER

Answer 59

* Title * Abstract * Introduction * Related Literatures * Method * Results and Discussions * Conclusion and Recommendation * References * Appendices