Lesson 2 Flashcards
Impartiality
Not taking side in a conflict. Treating the parties in the conflcit the same.
Peacekeeping mission
Chapter 6.
- Impartial, not using force, despite in self-defence.
- Not mentioned in the charter.
- Need consent from parties in the conflict concerning the UN Forces.
Every nation get net profit for every soldair they assist to the missions.
Some nations do not do anything, when they arrice, because it costs money.
UNMO (Military observers)
Peace Enforcement Opeartions
Also known as Peace Support Operations. (PSO)
Chapter 7,
Distributed out to other actors, as NATO,
Requries mandate from SC,
Can use force,
Mandate in Korea still tales place, 1945,
Libya (2011)
Some argues that C7 must be metioned,
But 1973, they didn’t mention it, but it was seen as legally binding (Israel palestine).
Neutrality
Being neutral implies not being a party to a conflcit, but it does not imply treating the parties equally.
UNTSO and UNIFIL
provides military observers to different UN missions.
Chapter 6 UNMO
UN Military observers
- Officers rank,
- Unarmed, (can be taken off the position)
- Protected person under international law, (should not become a legal target)
- Impartial,
- Members of the armed forcs of Troop Contributing Countries (TCC).
Chapter 6½ mandate
Ensuring credinility of UN missions after Rwanda and Srebrenica.
Combinition of 6 and 7 in order to achieve blanaced mandate.
Brahimi report.
The situation in the Balkan’s gave most danish soldair PTSD, as they coundl’t do anything, as they didn’t have any mandate.
Mandate
Outlines the framework for the use of force authrized by the SC.
Mandate holders
UN lead mission: UN appointed force commander, but refers only to the UN, not to his sending state.
Colatition Lead missions: Refer both to UN and refering state.
UNSCR 1973(2011), Libya
Chapter 7 mandate,
Muammar Gadaffi, arabic spring, SC made a colition to stop it.
NATO (regional organizations) and other states.
Excluding foreign occupation force.
UNMIS
UN mission in Sudan
6½ mandate.
Mission: Support implementation of the comprehensive peace agreement (CPA).
Problem about UN operations: Operate in very short notice. Invitting a lot of nations, but it takes forever They need forces, that are accesable in a very short notice.
UNSCR 1590 (2005)
Established UNMIS and its mandate.
Detmined that Sudan constituted to a threat against peace and security internation art. 1. and 39.
Mandate UNMIS:
1. Support impelementation of the peace agreement
2. Monitor and verify implementation
3. Assisting the reintegration among other things child soldairs to gome back to normal life.
4. Coordinate the returing of regufees.
5. ACTING UNDER CHAPTER 7, autherized to take any neccesary action in the areas of depoyment of its forces.
connected to CHAPTER 7,
“and assesment and evaluation, and not as main task, to protects civilians under imminent threat of physical violence (lesson learned after Rwanda, where they couldn’t do anything.”
You have to scruntinize the mandate, to do the right thing.
Example: UN guidelines for the development of rules of engagement for UN Peace keeping Opeartions.
Nothing in the ROE negates a commander’s right and obligation for self defence.
ROE must always be interpereted in accordance with the mandate.
NATO ROE: Use proportionate forces in order to prevent boarding, detention or seizure of vessel, arcraft, weichels and property belonging to NATO.
Applies in the scope and outside the scope of an armed conflict.
Connot retrict the right of self defence of military contigencies of participating nations.
Approval UN operations (UN secretary for the Departmnt of Peace KEeping Operations, NATO operations.
Challenges of UN Lead Operations
Troop Contribution Contries with poor human rights record
Economical incentive for poorer TCC, as UN pays a fixed refund for each soldier depployed per day.
UN is not formally allowed to conduct intelligence operations.
Jursidiction for the crimes committed remains with the troop contribution countries.
UNAMIR
First mandate in 1993,
Changed in 1994,
Peacekeeping vs. peaceenforcement
Peacekeeping = under the mandate of Chapter VI of the UN Charter. Consent by the state where there is a conflict is necessary for peacekeeping missions.
Peace enforcement = is under Chapter VII (use of force)
Principles of peacekeeping:
Impartiality (don’t take sides)
Non-use of force (unarmed UN soldiers)
How to understand a mandate for peacekeeping
A broad mandate can allow you to do more.
A narrow mandate will allow you to do less.
Henderson and Peacekeeping
Peacekeeping is not found within the UN charter
Some accept peacekeeping whatever the Secretary General or the UN department of peackeeping operations says.
They have different view of what peace keeping operations are.
No single correct definitions
Started with unarmed observes between two parties. Now including both military, plitical and civil elements.
Consent of parties in peacekeeping
Peacekeepers can only go into a country if the government and major groups involved in the conflict say “Yes”.
The UN cannot force itself into a country unless the Security Council says it’s necessary to stop a big problem.
Why is this important?
* If one side changes its mind and stops agreeing, peacekeeping becomes much harder.
UN first Peacekeeping mission
UNEF I (United Nations Emergency Force I) was the first-ever UN peacekeeping mission. It was created in 1956 to help stop a war between countries in the Middle East
Rwande and Peacekeeping
Primarily a peacekeeping mission, following consent, limited force, and impartiality. However, its security role in Kigali and the move toward civilian protection reflected the growing trend of more “robust” peacekeeping approaches.
Why Was UNAMIR’s Mandate Adjusted
- Escalating violence in Rwanda required the UN to modify UNAMIR’s mission.
- The original focus on implementing the Arusha Peace Agreement shifted toward addressing the humanitarian crisis and ongoing conflict.
Berdal
How is UN peacekeeping shifting in terms of approach?
It is becoming more pragmatic and locally-led, moving away from neo-liberal state-building and emphasizing bottom-up solutions.
Berdal
Which global actors are influencing the shift in UN peacekeeping?
China and the global south
Berdal
What is “Strategic Political Coherence” in UN peacekeeping?
To coordinate the international comunity, AU and EU
Berdal
Why is coordination with international partners essential for UN peacekeeping success?
The UN alone cannot effectively manage complex peace operations.
Bottum up, more cultural understanding
Liberia
