Lesson 2 Flashcards
commonly defined as a group of people sharing common culture.
Society
is typically defined as “that complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society.
Culture
gives details on the deep relationship between culture and society.
Culture’s Etymology
Culture’s root word means,___________, which shows how humans’ ability to till the land - to engage in agriculture to produce food - forms part of the foundation of what we now call as culture.
“cultivated land, cultivation”
As Wren (c.2010) further explains, “the term “culture” originally evoked the notion of ______,” a Latin word “which itself evokes inherently developmental notions such as growth, maturation, and progress.
cultivatio
Filiipinos call this act as _________ - literally, beating rice to get rid of the husks and separate the edible portion - ___. RIce cultivation in Asia is also known _______ (Fuller 2011).
- pagbabago ng palay
- bigas
- pathway to civilization
Republic Act (RA) No. 7356 is also known as ______
Law Creating the National Commission for Culture and the Arts
a manifestation of the freedom or belief and of expression and is human right to be accorded due respect and allowed to flourish. It further relates culture to _____,as the former “reflects and shapes values, beliefs, aspirations, thereby defining a people’s national identity.”
- Culture
- national identity
Culture is understood as being consisted of two aspects ___ and ___
Material and Non-Material Aspects
Griffiths and Keirn (2015) identify _____ as ____ such as “metro passes and bus tokens, automobiles, stores, and the physical structures where people worship”
- material culture
- objects or belongings of a group of people
Examples of material culture in Philippine context:
- Centuries old Roman Catholic churches
- Mosques
- Ancient porcelains or clay pottery
- Paintings and exhibits or museums
- Jeepneys
- Videoke
- Books
- Religious statues or secular monument
Nonmaterial cultures examples:
- Religious faith
- Fatalism (belief in kapalaran or fate/destiny
- Bayanihan
- Love for music and singing
- Respect for the elderly
Tylor’s writings provide anthropological perspectives on culture as __, __, __, __ and ___.
- learned, symbolic, shared, dynamic and integrated
we acquire cultural understanding through experience and observation through the process of enculturation - the means in which individuals obtain and transmit aspects of their society’s culture.
Culture is learned
we acquire cultural understanding __ and __
Experience and Observation
Culture is learned
___- which constitutes major portions of our country’s oral literature - have been passed from one generation to another, surviving centuries of ____, and are now even preserved in written form through language.
- Folk tales, Epics, and Folk songs
- Western colonization
it provides meaning to every human expression be it in words or deeds, with both verbal and nonverbal symbols whose meanings are formed and accepted by societies through their own processes.
Culture is symbolic
____ and ____ whose meanings are formed and accepted by societies through their own processes.
- Verbal and Non-Verbal Symbols
Culture is symbolic
this is a sacred symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism, and other religions, as it is from the original Sanskrit svastika meaning “good fortune” or “well-being,”
Swastika
Culture is symbolic
Black symbol like sandogo logo ( self illustration)
Nazi Party’s Symbol
it is rooted in and is transmitted in/by/through groups/societies. Indeed culture is commonly known as the shared ideas, beliefs, values, concepts, memories which prevail in a society.
Culture is shared
an example of this is Bayanihan, roughly translated as sense of solidarity, of mutual help in times of crises, is a very Filipino concept which can help explain how culture is shared.
Culture is shared
it is dynamic, flexible, and adaptive because it lends itself to change or transformation. Any given culture may borrow or adopt positive elements from other cultures, and it can also change or transform as times change or precisely, to adapt to changing times.
Culture is dynamic
Examples of Culture is dynamic:
- Women’s right to suffrage
and Legalizing same-sex marriage
it relies on social patterns or systems that are embedded in societies. It is also all-encompassing as it includes all aspects of one society’s way of life. In many occasions, culture is also expressed in terms of core values or values that most people in a society accepts, appreciates, and cultivates as their own.
Culture is integrated
“the act of judging another culture from the perspective of one’s own” (Atingdui 2011). Such perspective views other culture “as inferior when compared to one’s own. One’s own perspective is judged as right while the other is judged as wrong or less than” (ibid.)
Ethnocentrism
the opposite of Ethnocentrism as it considers all perspectives as equally valid, that “truth” relies on the individual’s her/her culture’s definition of what the truth is (Reichert 2015).
Cultural relativism
is the “lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors,” scientifically validated by evidence showing “that the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period pf approximately six million years” (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History)
Human evolution
4 Major Steps in The Evolution of Modern Humans from our Hominid Ancestor (Brown University):
- Evolving terrestriality
- Bipedalism
- ## EncephalizationCivilization
3 Phases of Evolution (Tuttle et. al. (2020):
- Bipedalism
- Using “tools” and “hands”, and increasing in brain size”
- Developing “language, culture, and lifeways
HUMAN SPECIES:
- HOMO HABILIS
- HOMO ERECTUS
- HOMO SAPIENS
Skillful in doing small tasks
Homo Habilis
Emphasizing humankind’s evolution toward standing and walk up straight
Homo Erectus
Implying relative intelligence that built today’s civilization
Homo Sapiens
CULTURAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL EVOLUTION:
- Hunting-gathering society
- Horticultural society
- Pastoral society
- Agricultural society
- Industrial society
- Post-Industrial society
_____, where formerly a _____ that was forced to “adjust to an onslaught of social, economic, and environmental changes” that transformed their land “from remote virgin tropical forest to a multiethnic industrial and agricultural corner of a nation-state” (Bion 1984)
- Agta people of northeastern Luzon
- hunting-and-gathering society
Members of ______ are known to grow some crops using basic tools
Horticultural societies
are generally nomadic people who raise livestock or domesticated animals raised for food and to produce useful commodities such as fur and leather.
Pastoral societies
go beyond horticultural societies by growing a larger number of crops using relatively more developed tools such as plows and bests of burden such as oxen.
Agricultural societies
____ manufacture products/commodities from raw materials through the use of machines. This society first emerged in ____.
- Industrial societies
- 1750s
wealth is generated through services rather than products, though it can be argued that these services also rely on tangible products.
Post-Industrial societies
lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors,” scientifically validated by evidence showing “that the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people originated from
apelike ancestors and evolved over a period pf approximately six million years
the means in which individuals obtain and transmit aspects of their society’s culture.
Enculturation
women’s suffrage was legalized in the Philippines
September 17, 1937
