Lesson 2

Question 1

commonly defined as a group of people sharing common culture.

Answer 1

Society

Question 2

is typically defined as “that complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society.

Answer 2

Culture

Question 3

gives details on the deep relationship between culture and society.

Answer 3

Culture’s Etymology

Question 4

Culture’s root word means,___________, which shows how humans’ ability to till the land - to engage in agriculture to produce food - forms part of the foundation of what we now call as culture.

Answer 4

“cultivated land, cultivation”

Question 5

As Wren (c.2010) further explains, “the term “culture” originally evoked the notion of ______,” a Latin word “which itself evokes inherently developmental notions such as growth, maturation, and progress.

Answer 5

cultivatio

Question 6

Filiipinos call this act as _________ - literally, beating rice to get rid of the husks and separate the edible portion - ___. RIce cultivation in Asia is also known _______ (Fuller 2011).

Answer 6

• pagbabago ng palay
• bigas
• pathway to civilization

Question 7

Republic Act (RA) No. 7356 is also known as ______

Answer 7

Law Creating the National Commission for Culture and the Arts

Question 8

a manifestation of the freedom or belief and of expression and is human right to be accorded due respect and allowed to flourish. It further relates culture to _____,as the former “reflects and shapes values, beliefs, aspirations, thereby defining a people’s national identity.”

Answer 8

• Culture
• national identity

Question 9

Culture is understood as being consisted of two aspects ___ and ___

Answer 9

Material and Non-Material Aspects

Question 10

Griffiths and Keirn (2015) identify _____ as ____ such as “metro passes and bus tokens, automobiles, stores, and the physical structures where people worship”

Answer 10

• material culture
• objects or belongings of a group of people

Question 11

Examples of material culture in Philippine context:

Answer 11

• Centuries old Roman Catholic churches
• Mosques
• Ancient porcelains or clay pottery
• Paintings and exhibits or museums
• Jeepneys
• Videoke
• Books
• Religious statues or secular monument

Question 12

Nonmaterial cultures examples:

Answer 12

• Religious faith
• Fatalism (belief in kapalaran or fate/destiny
• Bayanihan
• Love for music and singing
• Respect for the elderly

Question 13

Tylor’s writings provide anthropological perspectives on culture as __, __, __, __ and ___.

Answer 13

• learned, symbolic, shared, dynamic and integrated

Question 14

we acquire cultural understanding through experience and observation through the process of enculturation - the means in which individuals obtain and transmit aspects of their society’s culture.

Answer 14

Culture is learned

Question 15

we acquire cultural understanding __ and __

Answer 15

Experience and Observation

Question 16

Culture is learned

___- which constitutes major portions of our country’s oral literature - have been passed from one generation to another, surviving centuries of ____, and are now even preserved in written form through language.

Answer 16

• Folk tales, Epics, and Folk songs
• Western colonization

Question 17

it provides meaning to every human expression be it in words or deeds, with both verbal and nonverbal symbols whose meanings are formed and accepted by societies through their own processes.

Answer 17

Culture is symbolic

Question 18

____ and ____ whose meanings are formed and accepted by societies through their own processes.

Answer 18

• Verbal and Non-Verbal Symbols

Question 19

Culture is symbolic

this is a sacred symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism, and other religions, as it is from the original Sanskrit svastika meaning “good fortune” or “well-being,”

Answer 19

Swastika

Question 20

Culture is symbolic

Black symbol like sandogo logo ( self illustration)

Answer 20

Nazi Party’s Symbol

Question 21

it is rooted in and is transmitted in/by/through groups/societies. Indeed culture is commonly known as the shared ideas, beliefs, values, concepts, memories which prevail in a society.

Answer 21

Culture is shared

Question 22

an example of this is Bayanihan, roughly translated as sense of solidarity, of mutual help in times of crises, is a very Filipino concept which can help explain how culture is shared.

Answer 22

Culture is shared

Question 23

it is dynamic, flexible, and adaptive because it lends itself to change or transformation. Any given culture may borrow or adopt positive elements from other cultures, and it can also change or transform as times change or precisely, to adapt to changing times.

Answer 23

Culture is dynamic

Question 24

Examples of Culture is dynamic:

Answer 24

• Women’s right to suffrage
  and Legalizing same-sex marriage

Question 25

it relies on social patterns or systems that are embedded in societies. It is also all-encompassing as it includes all aspects of one society’s way of life. In many occasions, culture is also expressed in terms of core values or values that most people in a society accepts, appreciates, and cultivates as their own.

Answer 25

Culture is integrated

Question 26

“the act of judging another culture from the perspective of one’s own” (Atingdui 2011). Such perspective views other culture “as inferior when compared to one’s own. One’s own perspective is judged as right while the other is judged as wrong or less than” (ibid.)

Answer 26

Ethnocentrism

Question 27

the opposite of Ethnocentrism as it considers all perspectives as equally valid, that “truth” relies on the individual’s her/her culture’s definition of what the truth is (Reichert 2015).

Answer 27

Cultural relativism

Question 28

is the “lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors,” scientifically validated by evidence showing “that the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period pf approximately six million years” (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History)

Answer 28

Human evolution

Question 29

4 Major Steps in The Evolution of Modern Humans from our Hominid Ancestor (Brown University):

Answer 29

- Evolving terrestriality - Bipedalism - Encephalization - Civilization

Question 30

3 Phases of Evolution (Tuttle et. al. (2020):

Answer 30

- Bipedalism - Using “tools” and “hands”, and increasing in brain size” - Developing “language, culture, and lifeways

Question 31

HUMAN SPECIES:

Answer 31

- HOMO HABILIS - HOMO ERECTUS - HOMO SAPIENS

Question 32

Skillful in doing small tasks

Answer 32

Homo Habilis

Question 33

Emphasizing humankind’s evolution toward standing and walk up straight

Answer 33

Homo Erectus

Question 34

Implying relative intelligence that built today’s civilization

Answer 34

Homo Sapiens

Question 35

CULTURAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL EVOLUTION:

Answer 35

- Hunting-gathering society - Horticultural society - Pastoral society - Agricultural society - Industrial society - Post-Industrial society

Question 36

_____, where formerly a _____ that was forced to “adjust to an onslaught of social, economic, and environmental changes” that transformed their land “from remote virgin tropical forest to a multiethnic industrial and agricultural corner of a nation-state” (Bion 1984)

Answer 36

- Agta people of northeastern Luzon - hunting-and-gathering society

Question 37

Members of ______ are known to grow some crops using basic tools

Answer 37

Horticultural societies

Question 38

are generally nomadic people who raise livestock or domesticated animals raised for food and to produce useful commodities such as fur and leather.

Answer 38

Pastoral societies

Question 39

go beyond horticultural societies by growing a larger number of crops using relatively more developed tools such as plows and bests of burden such as oxen.

Answer 39

Agricultural societies

Question 40

____ manufacture products/commodities from raw materials through the use of machines. This society first emerged in ____.

Answer 40

- Industrial societies - 1750s

Question 41

wealth is generated through services rather than products, though it can be argued that these services also rely on tangible products.

Answer 41

Post-Industrial societies

Question 42

lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors,” scientifically validated by evidence showing “that the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people originated from

Answer 42

apelike ancestors and evolved over a period pf approximately six million years

Question 43

the means in which individuals obtain and transmit aspects of their society’s culture.

Answer 43

Enculturation

Question 44

women's suffrage was legalized in the Philippines

Answer 44

September 17, 1937