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LESSON 2 Flashcards

1
Q

From the Greek oikos (οἶκος) meaning ‘household,’ or ‘place to live’

A

ECOLOGY

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2
Q

The scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and the
interactions among organisms and between the organisms and their environment

A

ECOLOGY

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3
Q

Environment of an organism includes:

A

1.) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
2.)BIOTIC FACTORS

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4
Q

which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors
a. insolation (sunlight)
b. climate
c. geology

A

Physcial properties

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5
Q

which are other organisms that share its habitat

A

Biotic Factors

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6
Q

A term introduced by sociologists Burgess and Park in 1921

A
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7
Q

Explores not only the influence of humans on their environment but also
the influence of the environment on human behavior, and their adaptive
strategies as they come to understand those influences better.

A

HUMAN ECOLOGY

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8
Q

Interdisciplinary applied field that uses a holistic approach to help people
solve problems and enhance human potential within their near
environments

A

HUMAN ECOLOGY

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9
Q

The statistical study of all populations.

A

DEMOGRAPHY

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10
Q

It encompasses the study of the size, structure and distribution of
populations, and spatial and/or temporal changes in them in response to:
a. birth
b. death
c. migration
d. aging

A

DEMOGRAPHY

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11
Q

– the annual number of live births per 1000 people

A

CRUDE BIRTH RATE

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12
Q

the annual number of live births per 1000 women
of child bearing age (15 – 49 years old).

A

GENERAL FERTILITY RATE

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13
Q

– is the number of resident live births to
women in a specific age group for a specified geographic area (country,
state, county, etc.), divided by the total population of women in the same
age group for the same geographic area (for a specified time period,
usually a calendar year).

A

AGE SPECIFIC RATE

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14
Q

– annual number of deaths per 1000 people.

A

CRUDE DEATH RATE

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14
Q

Annual number of deaths of children less than 1
year old per 100,000 live births.

A

INFANT MORTALITY RATE

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15
Q

– Number of years a person is
expected to live from a specified starting point.

A

EXPECTATION OF LIFE

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16
Q

number of live births per woman completing her
reproductive life

A

TOTAL FERTILITY RATE

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17
Q

number of daughters who would be born to
a woman completing her reproductive life at current age-specific fertility
rates

A

GROSS REPRODUCTION RATE

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18
Q

– is the expected number of daughters, per
newborn prospective mother, who may or may not survive to and through
the ages of child bearing

A

NET REPRODUCTION RATE

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19
Q

– is the percentage of cases that result in death. It
measures the severity of the disease and is proportionate to the virulence
of a disease agent.

A

CASE FATALITY RATE

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20
Q

collection of people or organisms of a particular species
living in a given geographic area or mortality or migration.

A

POPULATION

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21
Q

a method of gathering any type of information or data from a
sample of individuals. It is meant that the data is only taken from a portion
of the total population under study

A

SURVEY

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22
Q

– it is the counting of data gathered from the entire population. It is
regularly occurring and official count of the human population of a certain
local administrative unit

A

CENSUS

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23
Q

In the Philippines, the agency that conducts the census is the

A

NATIONAL STATISTIC OFFICE

24
Processes that Affect Population Change:
1. Fertility 2. Mortality 3. Migration
25
the increase in a region’s population
Population growth
26
the maximum reproductive capacity of a population under optimum environmental conditions.
BIOTIC POTENTIAL
27
The practice of curtailing population increase, usually by reducing the birth rate.
Population control
28
An Act Providing Policies and Prescribing Procedures on Surveillance and Response to Notifiable Diseases, Epidemics, and Health Events of Public Health Concern, and Appropriating Funds Therefor, Repealing for the Purpose Act No. 3573,
REPUBLIC ACT NO.11332
29
e Known as the "Law on Reporting of Communicable Diseases”
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11332
30
Derived from the Greek words “epi” (on, upon), “demos” (people), and “logos” (study).
EPIDEMIOLOGY
31
“the study of that which is upon the people
EPIDEMIOLOGY
32
The goal of epidemiology
to limit undesirable health events in a community.
33
The science or knowledge of the natural history of disease.
. American Society of Epidemiology:
34
The science of the mass-phenomenon of infectious diseases, or as the natural history of infectious diseases; concerned not merely with describing the distribution of disease, but equally or more fitting into a consistent philosophy
Frost (1931):
35
The science of the infective diseases, their prime causes, propagation and prevention
STALLY BRASS 1931
36
The study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in man.
MACMAHON
37
– A field of science which is concerned with the various factors and conditions that determine the occurrence and distribution of health, disease, defect, disability and death among group of individual
LEAVELL AND CLARK
38
- the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
39
The study of the distribution of a disease or physiologic condition in human populations and of the factors that influence this distribution
LILEN FIELD 1976
40
“an investigator who studies the occurrence of disease or other healthrelated conditions or events in defined populations.
EPIDEMIOLOGIST
41
look for common exposures or other shared characteristics in the people who are sick, seeking the causative factor.
EPEDEMIOLOGIST
42
suggested a relationship between the occurrence of disease and the physical environment
Hippocrates
43
The Father of Modern Epidemiology
John Snow
44
The father of medicine, also recognized the influence of environment and expressed his idea that diseases may be connected with person’s environment
Hippocrates
45
Italian doctor and poet, used epidemiologic method of reasoning expressed in his book (De Res Contagiosa) and stated that disease results from specific contagious or seeds of disease.
Fracastorious (Girolamo Fracastoro)
46
Famous for his uses of statistics specifically his notes on high IMR, excess deaths of males over females. He was believed to have made the first life table.
John Graunt (1620-1674)
47
o noted for his work on statistics notably mortality among Cornish metal workers, prisoners, married-unmarried, organized first vital statistical systems
Farr (1807-1883)
48
AIMS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
1. Prevention of disease 2. Maintenance of health 3. Promotion of health
49
any harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism, generally associated with certain signs and symptoms and differing in nature from physical injury
1. Disease
50
– refer to the health consequences brought about by the treatment of a health condition or as a result of an interaction with the healthcare system
Health outcome
51
refers not only to the number of health events, but also to the relationship of that number to the size of the population
Frequency
52
refers to the occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and person
Pattern -
53
sense of the speed with which disease occurs in a population, and seems to imply that this pattern has occurred and will continue to occur for the foreseeable future
Incidence rate
54
proportion of the population that has a health condition at a point in time
Prevalence rate
55
the proportion of persons with the disease who die from it
Case fatality rate
56
– a measure of the frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during a specified interva
Mortality rate
57
are those in which the denominator includes the total population; relatively easy to obtain and are useful when comparing similar populations
Crude rates
58
used to show what the level of mortality would be if the age composition of different populations were the same. A way of comparing two groups that differ in some important variable (e.g., age) by mathematically eliminating the effect of that variable
age adjusted rates

CPH (2 decks)

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