Lesson 2 Flashcards
3,500 BC in the southern region of Mesopotamia (IRAQ)
- They rely on agriculture as the primary source of livelihood.
- Created irrigation system by constructing dikes and canals
to control flooding. - Built large structures from sun-dried bricks made of clay.
- Invented the wheel, sail, and plow improving trade and
farming.
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
first formal writing system
called?
cuneiform
- Located in the border of the famous Euphrates and Tigris rivers in Iraq.
- Adopted the Sumerian sexagesimal system. Used a numeral system with 60
as its base, which allowed them to divide circles into 360 degrees. - Used a calendar with alternating 29 and 30 day months. This system
required the addition of an extra month three times every eight years, and
as a further adjustment the king would periodically order the insertion of an
additional extra month into the calendar. (Leap year & Leap month System) - Likewise dig canals and developed earthen dikes to irrigate their crops and
provide water to their livestock. - Showed a remarkable talent in Astronomy, believed that the movement of
the heavenly bodies forecasted some terrestrial events like eclipses. They
kept complete lists of eclipse. Also, Babylonians astronomers compiled lists
of planets and stars.
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
about 5,000 – 3,100 BC in the
Northeastern part of Africa.
- The Nile River provided the necessary water
requirements to support agricultural activities. - Produced a variety of earthen wares and pottery items.
- Worked on metals to produce tools, weapons and agricultural
implements. - Constructed dwellings made of reeds and air-dried mud bricks.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
an Ancient form of writing created by the
Egyptians. They use symbols to represent words.
Hieroglyphics
is an ancient artifact that helps us decode
and understand these meanings.
Rosetta Stone
around 1,100 BC.
- Had a stronger connection with philosophy, and was able to replace the
supernatural beliefs through the concept of a universe that is governed by
laws of nature. Scientific works of wise and gifted Greeks such as Thales,
Socrates, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Archimedes, and Ptolemy served as
foundation and pillars of western civilization.
GREEK CIVILIZATION
also studied geometry and discovered the Pythagorean Theorem
Pythagoras
wrote several books on the subject of geometry called Elements
Euclid
studied animals in great detail and wrote down his observations in a
book called the History of Animals
Aristotle
is often called the “Father of Western Medicine.”
Hippocrates
A mill for grinding grain that is powered by water. The Greeks
invented the waterwheel used to power the mill and the toothed gears used to
transfer the power to the mill.
Watermill
The Greek philosopher Plato may have invented the first __?__ in histor y. He used a water to trigger a sound like an organ at a
certain time.
Alarm Clock
The Greeks invented a type of __?__ where they
would transfer hot air from fires to empty spaces under the floors of temples.
Central Heating
- The Greeks invented the __?__ to help lift heavy items such as blocks
for constructing buildings.
Crane
Invented by Archimedes, the __?__ was an
efficient way to move water up a hill.
Archimedes’ Screw
from 102 – 44 BC
- Stablished a sophisticated system to circulate written news which it
published on “Acta diurnal” which translates to “Daily events”, and also
published the “Acta Senatus” that recorded the proceedings in the
senate. - Were particularly skillful in building infrastructures with a good integrity
and built. - developed infrastructure networks and constructed roads
from Rome to other places in Italy. - Constructed big permanent structures such as domes, colosseum, and
stadiums.
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
*A fine knowledge of geometry was developed here as a result of strict
religious rules for the construction of altars.
*Developed the numbers and decimal notation that the world uses today ,
thus the most influential achievement of Hindu science was the study of
arithmetic.
INDIAN CIVILIZATION
a work containing the detailed explanations on how to
perform all the geometrical operations required to support the religious
procedures regarding the altars. This text also develops mathematical topics
such as square roots and squaring the circle.
Shulba Sutras
The so-called “ __?__” actually originated in India;
about 1,000 years, they appeared in the Rock Edicts of the Mauryan emperor
Ashoka (3rd century BCE), before they are used in Arabic literature.
Arabic Numbers
about 2000 BCE
- Is considered as the oldest civilization, middle kingdom of far east Asia.
- Displayed an exceptional talent in making inventions like Gunpowder, paper,
woodblock printing, the compass (known as “south-pointing needle”),
porcelain
CHINESE CIVILIZATION
- Due to a great loss of power throughout Europe by the Roman Emperor
- Frequent invasions (Barbarians) and constant warfare, downfall of
cities, disruptions of trades ended the Western Roman Empire.
MEDIEVAL AGE
-characterized by Rounded Arches and thick walls with small windows with stone roofs
Romanesque
-Characterized by Vaulted Arches (pointed) and thinner walls and stained
Gothic Architecture
It was named for Artois
in France, where the first was drilled by
Carthusian monks in 1126.
Artesian well
used in construction, mining, and farming; and its first
illustration is in the 13th century although it
appeared in stories and pictures between 1170
and 1250 in North-western Europe.
Wheelbarrow
Cast iron first
appears in Middle Europe around 1150
Blast furnace
were
developed and employed on the
canal between Brugge (now in
Belgium) and the sea.
Lock gates (1180)
was introduced
to provide a means of checking
navigation on the open seas in any
weather
Magnetic compass
it was first
documented in Siena, Italy; aa
dependable, affordable and accurate
measure of time.
Hourglass (1338)ꢀ
A European innovation, these weight-
driven clocks were used primarily in
clock towers.
Mechanical clocks (13th -14th)
invented by Johannes Gutenberg; a
printing with movable metal type
Printing Press ( 15th Century)
Invented in Europe and was first mentioned In Yorkshire, England 1185; a pivotable post mill efficient at grinding grain or draining water.
Vertical windmills
It was developed in Florence, Italy, and made up of convex lenses to help far-sighted people
Spectacles
Brought to Europe probably from India.
Spinning wheel
The earliest predecessors of the game originated in 6th century AD india
Chess
It was made in 1180 by Alexander Neckham who said “Take away the lead which is behind the glass and there will be no image of the one looking in.
Mirrors
Flemish painter Jan van Eyck around 1410 introduced a stable oil
mixture and is used to add details to tempera paintings.ꢀ
Paint
It was introduced by the Republic of Ragusa, a 40-day-period
, to prevent the spreading of diseases like the Black Death. Venice began
, then the practice spread around in Europe.
Quarantine
(15th – 17th Century)
- It was the period that followed (brought Europe out of) the Middle Ages and started in Italy
- Modern capitalism was born where the main goal is to make profit.
- Most cities turn to Republican government and it was well participated by citizens
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
one of the greatest geniuses in the history of mankind, whose knowledge comprised the
totality of medieval science.
Leonardo da Vinci
painted (the Sistine Chapel ceiling), sculptured (David), designed buildings, and
wrote poetr y.
. Michelangelo Buonaroti
a priest who wrote books, The Praise of Folly 1509, condemned ignorance and
superstition. He believed education could lead to more perfect societies.
Desiderius Erasmus
wrote plays showing humans as in God’s image, but part of this world as well.
William Shakespeare
inventor of printing press by use of moveable type
. Johannes Gutenberg
- made the first reflecting telescope.
Isaac Newton
presented the theory of heliocentric where he said that the sun is the center of the solar system
instead of the earth.
. Nicolaus Copernicus
improved the telescope, discovered new celestial bodies, and found support for a heliocentric solar
system. He also invented the thermometer in 1593.
. Galileo Galilei
(18th Century)
was the transition to new manufacturing processes.
This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, the
increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools, and the rise
of the factory system.
INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
19 Century
The rise of modern industry was witnessed in the 19th centur y. The
effects of scientific and technological developments are evident in the
areas of communication, transportation, and electricity.
MODERN AGE
