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M8 > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define stall

A

A stall is defined as a sudden reduction in lift generated by an aerofoil when a critical AOA is reached.

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2
Q

Lift to drag ratio

A

Lift/drag

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3
Q

What is the typical critical angle

A

15°.

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4
Q

Why is wing root stall preferred

A

As there is no need for flight crew input

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5
Q

Why is wing tip stall more dangerous

A

The centre of lift moves towards the root and also forward to the centre of gravity Subsequently, the aircraft rotates to the nose-up position, the AOA increases, and the stall condition gets worse.

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6
Q

What is used to prevent wing tip stalling on smaller aircraft

A

A stall strip is a knife edge

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7
Q

What is used to prevent wing tip stalling on bigger aircraft, and where is it located

A

Slats are used to prevent
The slats are located at the leading edge of the wing tips wing tip stall on some larger aircraft.

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8
Q

What are the most common types of contamination

A

Snow and ice formations

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9
Q

What effect can the build up of ice on aircraft

A

extra weight and drag, loss of lift, and the freezing or unbalancing of control surfaces.

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10
Q

When will frost form on an aircraft

A

Frost will form in clear air when an aircraft has been parked overnight in below zero temperatures. It can also form when an aircraft flies from sub-zero temperatures into warm moist air such as in a descent.

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11
Q

When is rime ice formed

A

Rime ice is formed when small, supercooled water droplets freeze on contact with a surface that is below freezing temperature..

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12
Q

When is clear ice formed

A

forms when flying in areas with a high concentration of large, supercooled water droplets.

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13
Q

Why is clear ice most dangerous

A

as it is heavy, dense, tough, difficult to see, and it adheres itself firmly to the airframe surface.

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14
Q

Where is the total weight of an aircraft represented at

A

The total weight of the aircraft is represented at the centre of gravity and is a vector that is always directed downward toward the centre of the earth.

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15
Q

What is Lift

A

Lift is a force vector which acts perpendicular to the direction of flight.

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16
Q

What is thrust

A

Thrust is a force vector which acts in the direction of flight.

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17
Q

What is drag

A

Drag is a force vector which opposes the direction of flight.

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18
Q

What does the glide ratio state

A

The ratio of the distance forward to the distance downward is called the glide ratio.

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19
Q

Sum for glide ratio

A

Change in distance/ change in height

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20
Q

How do you get more lift when climbing

A

Increase the thrust

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21
Q

What are the primary factors most affected by performance

A

The take-off and landing distance
Rate of climb
Ceiling
Payload
Range
Speed
Manoeuvrability
Stability
Fuel economy

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22
Q

What are the 3 variables that affect the range versus speed

A

Aircraft gross weight
Altitude
The external aerodynamic configuration of the aircraft

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23
Q

What happens to lift when an aircraft banks

A

lift acts inward toward the centre of the turn, as well as upward.

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24
Q

What happens in a slipping turn

A

the aircraft is not turning at the rate appropriate to the bank being used, since the aircraft is yawed toward the outside of the turning flight path.

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25
Q

What is a load factor

A

the load factor is the ratio of lift of an aircraft to its weight.

26
Q

What letter is used for load factor

A

“g”

27
Q

What are the characteristics of a stall

A

distinctive loss of lift, which is usually noted by a sudden pitch down of the nose of the aircraft. There may be warnings such as buffeting before this occurs.

28
Q

What factors is the v-n diagram dependent on

A

The aircraft’s gross weight
The configuration of the aircraft’s flaps, landing gear position, etc.
The applicable altitude

29
Q

What is lift augmentation

A

Lift augmentation systems are devices installed on the wing of an aircraft to produce an increase in the lift at a given speed.

30
Q

When is the aircraft most likely to stall and why

A

Take off and landing as its speed is the lowest

31
Q

What devices are used to increase the max lift coefficient

A

Flaps: these include trailing-edge flaps and leading-edge flaps
Slats and Slots: either automatic or controllable by the pilot
Boundary Layer Control: used to re-energise the boundary layer

32
Q

What is a plain flap

A

The plain flap is a basic flap design hinged to the wing’s trailing edge and pivots down when extended.

33
Q

What do Mel’s flaps look like

A

Beefy

34
Q

What is a split flap

A

split flaps consist of two sections. The fixed upper part is an extension of the top trailing-edge of the wing while the lower split flap is movable and pivots down from its hinges on the lower wing surface to generate drag.

35
Q

What is a slotted flap

A

The slotted flap is a type of aircraft flap designed with a gap between the wing and flap, allowing high-pressure air beneath the wings to flow, reducing air separation levels while increasing lift

36
Q

What is a fowler flap

A

flaps are installed in sections on the upper wing surface and extend rearwards on a set of rails or tracks before dropping to increase both the chord and then the camber. They are the most common typeof slap.

37
Q

What are Krueger flaps

A

high lift tools fitted to the bottom of an aircraft’s wing leading edge.

38
Q

What are cuffs

A

Leading-edge cuffs, like leading-edge flaps and trailing-edge flaps, are used to increase both CL-MAX and the camber of the wings.

39
Q

What do slats prevent

A

Slats prevent flow separation by supplying more energy to the boundary layer.

40
Q

What do vortex generators help with

A

improve the performance and controllability of the aircraft, particularly at low speeds, in the climb, and at high angles of attack.

41
Q

What are winglets?

A

Winglets are small, upturned structures on the end of an aircraft’s wings. When air flows over the wing, it creates a vortex at the tip of the wing, which creates a lot of drag and turbulence.

42
Q

What are the benefits of installing winglets

A

Reduced fuel consumption
Improve performance
Lower emissions
Increased range

43
Q

Define stability

A

Stability is the essential quality of an aircraft to correct for conditions that may disturb its equilibrium and to return to, or to continue the original flight path.

44
Q

What is the vertical axis also known as

A

Yaw

45
Q

What is the lateral axis also known as

A

Pitch

46
Q

What is the longtitudinal axis also known as

A

Roll

47
Q

What two areas in aircraft does stability affect

A

Manoeuvrability
Controllability

48
Q

What is manoeuvrability

A

The quality of an aircraft that allows it to be manoeuvred easily and to withstand the stresses imposed by manoeuvres. It is controlled by the aircraft’s weight, inertia, size and location of flight controls, structural strength, and powerplant. It too is an aircraft design characteristic.

49
Q

What are the three kinds of static electricity

A

Positive static stability
Neutral static stability
Negative static stability

50
Q

What is positive static stability

A

An aircraft that has positive static stability has the tendency to return to the original state of equilibrium after being disturbed.

51
Q

What is Neutral Static Stability

A

An aircraft that has neutral static stability tends to stay in its new attitude when it’s disturbed.

52
Q

What is negative static stability

A

An aircraft that has negative static stability tends to continue moving away from its original attitude when it’s disturbed.

53
Q

What is dynamic stability

A

Dynamic stability refers to the aircraft response over time when disturbed from a given pitch, yaw, or bank and relates to whether an aircraft will continue to oscillate after a disturbance

54
Q

What is positive dynamic stability

A

Aircraft with positive dynamic stability have oscillations that dampen out over time and because it is positive, it returns toward its equilibrium state.

55
Q

What is neutral dynamic stability

A

Aircraft with neutral dynamic stability have oscillations that never dampen out. In the diagram below, pitching up a trimmed, neutrally dynamic stable aircraft, will pitch nose low, then nose high again, and the oscillations will continue, in theory, forever.

56
Q

What is negative dynamic stability

A

Aircraft with negative dynamic stability have oscillations that get worse over time. The diagram below shows how once displaced, the pitch oscillations become more and more amplified.

57
Q

What does longitudinal stability involve

A

the tendency for the nose to pitch up or pitch down, rotating around the lateral axis.

58
Q

What factors does longitudinal stability dependent on

A

Location of the wing with respect to the centre of gravity
Location of the horizontal tail surfaces with respect to the centre of gravity
Area or size of the tail surfaces

59
Q

When does positive longitudinal stabilityoccar

A

when the centre of gravity, as the result of all aircraft weights, is forward of the aerodynamic centre (called the neutral point) which is the centre of all lift forces.

60
Q

What’s the purpose of dihedral angles

A

Restore level flight

61
Q

Where is the sideslip angle

A

between the aircraft centreline and the sideslip direction.

M8 (2 decks)

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