Lesson 2 Flashcards
chat 4,5,6
What is energy ?
Ability to do work, to move matter.
What is potential energy ?
Energy stored available to do work
Ex. Bicyclist on top of a hill.
what is kinetic energy?
Energy in motion
Ex. bicyclist going down hill
Where is energy stored?
stored in bonds that form between molecules and atoms (potential energy)
what is/ define Metabolism?
all chemical reactions within a cell (all different bonds forming and breaking within a cell )
-bonds Brocken
-bonds rearranged
-bonds formed
How is energy released?
when a bond is Brocken (kinetic energy)
what is the 1st law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?
every reaction increases entropy and loses heat energy to environment
What is entropy?
disorder of heat energy in universe
what is a endergonic reaction?
a chemical reaction that forms bonds to build molecules , requires energy, because the products have more energy than the reactants
what is a exergonic reaction?
chemical reaction that breaks bonds to release energy stored in bonds, products have less energy than reactants
what is oxidation reduction (Redox)?
electrons are transferred from donor to acceptor
( oxidation and reduction occur at the same time)
what occurs when a molecule is oxidized?
this is the molecule or atom that is donating an electrons
what occurs when a molecules is reduced?
this is the molecule or atom that is accepting the electron but is reduced because the charged on a electron is negative.
what is an example of oxidation reduction?
ETC ( electron transport chain)
What is phosphorylation?
addition of phosphate to a molecule, phosphate group of ATP is transferred causing recipient to either become:
- more energised
- change shape
EX. ATP donates a phosphate group to protein which cause protein to change shape.
what is substrate level phosphorylation ?
substrate gives ADP a P which = ATP in a enzyme reaction
What is an ADP molecule?
stable, 2 phosphate
adenine base
What is the ATP molecule?
a nucleotide that TEMPORARILY stores Alor of energy, that cells can use, this a unstable because of the 3 negatively charge phosphate and when is Brocken release a lot of energy. consists of 3 phosphate, sugar ribose, and adenine (base)
How does ADP become ATP?
a phosphate is added to ADP making it ATP
Where is energy stored in ATP molecule?
phosphate bonds specifically 2nd and 3rd
Why is the energy in ATP molecule considered high energy?
The 3 negatively charged phosphates are highly unstable so when the bond is Brocken high energy is released
what is the function of an enzyme
a protein that that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy
what is activation energy?
the amount energy needed to stat a reaction
what is the active site of an enzyme?
the part of an enzyme to which substrates bind
what is the allosteric site of an enzyme?
a site that allows molecules to either activate or inhibit (or turn off) enzyme activity.( inhibitor bound to the allosteric site because when this interaction it change the overall shape of the enzyme)
what is competitive inhabitation?
( substrate competing to enter the active site, inhibitor[stop reaction that are not needed] will block substrate, molecules fight for active site)
change in an enzyme’s activity occurring when an inhibitor binds to the active site, competing with the enzyme’s normal substrate
what is noncompetitive inhabitation?
inhibitor changes the shape of the active site and prevent substrate and enzyme from bonding together.
What does it mean to say enzymes are specific?
the shape of active site will make enzyme specific and only certain molecules can interact/ enter active site
EX. lock and key
what may occur to the structure of an enzyme when the temperature or pH changes?
it can become de natured ,A change in optimal temperature and pH can cause the protein to start to lose shape and therefore function.
what is negative feed back?
the product of a reaction slows the production of more product)
Ex. think AC
what doe sit mean to say “stepwise enzymatic reaction” ?
when a substrate enter enzyme a chemical reaction will occur, and when the products leaves it will become a substrate for another enzyme.
Ex. dominos push one down other follows
what is concentration gradient?
difference in solute concentration between 2 adjacent regions , gradients move without energy input
what is passive transport?
down a concentration gradient no energy needed
what is simple diffusion?
substance moves down its concentration gradient without the use of a transport protein
what is osmosis?
a type of passive transport , simple diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
what is facilitated diffusion?
form of passive transport in which a substance moves down its concentration gradient with the aid of a transport protein across a membrane
what is active transport
movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient, using a carrier protein and energy from ATP, also uses vesicles
what is endocytosis?
type of active transport,
moving into cell
what is exocytosis?
type of active transport,
to exit cell
what is an isotonic solution ?
ISO(means equal)
Condition, in which solute concentration is the same on both sides of the selectively permeable membrane
What is a hypotonic solution?
Hypo ( below) the connotation outside is lower and concentration inside is higher and the water movie inside/up to dilute the higher concentration inside
What is a hyper tonic solution?
Hyper( above)
The concentration on the outside is higher than the concentration inside the cell. There water moves down/outside the cell to dilute the higher concentration outside.
What is turgor pressure?
The force of water pressing against the cell wall, gives plants structure
Ex. when plants lose too much water. The loss of trigger pressure causes plants to wilt/look sad
What is a autotroph?
Organisms that produce organic molecules by acquiring carbon from inorganic sources like CO2 or H2O Ex.plants, some bacteria algae
What is a heterotroph?
Rely on organic molecules produced by other organisms
ex. Humans, animals, fungi
What is photosynthesis?
Light energy converted to chemical energy, biochemical reactions that enable organism to harness sunlight energy to manufacture organic molecules (glucose)
What is meant when it is said, “photosynthesis converts, kinetic energy in light to potential energy and in the covalent bonds of carbohydrates”?
Uses the energy in light
(kinetic energy) to build a glucose molecule (potential energy) by forming covalent bonds
Where does photosynthesis occur?
In leave mesophylll cell, in the chloroplast organelle
what is the stomata ?
where CO2 enters and exits the plant ( pore in plant epidermis where gases are exchanged in atmosphere)
What is the mesophyll cell?
photosynthetic tissue in a leaf’s interior contains chloroplast
What is chloroplast?
photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast organelle of eukaryotes and the cytoplasm of
prokaryotes. , contains harvesting pigments, embedded in thylakoids, membrane that make up granum and stroma liquid
What is the Granum?
a stack of flattened thylakoid discs in chloroplast
what is the thylakoid?
pancake-shaped structure that makes up the inner membrane of a chloroplast
what is the thylakoid membrane?
the lipid bilayer in which photosystems are embedded, and photosynthetic pigments are embedded
what is the thylakoid space?
inner compartment of of thylakoid surround by thylakoid membrane (the inner compartment of the thylakoid)
what is the stroma?
the fluid/liquid inside the chloroplast and site of carbon reactions
what is the photosystem 2 ?
cluster of pigments and proteins that participate in light reactions of photosynthesis, and use light energy to energize electrons stripped from H20
what is photoystem 1 ?
group of pigments and proteins that use light energy to energise electrons received from photosystem 1.
what are the reactants of photosynthesis ?
light, water, CO2
what are the products of photosynthesis?
Glucose/sugar and O2 (by product)
what is the 1st stage of photosynthesis
light reaction or light dependent
- occurs in thylakoid membrane in membrane space
- solar/ light energy will be stored and converted to ATP & NADPH
WHAT HAPPENS:
- light energy strikes photo system 2
- chlorophyll pigments will absorb the light energy
- electron within photo system 2 will be excited
- this will then cause electrons to down the ETC
- electrons from chlorophyll are replaced with electron from H2O, O2 is the waste product
- This will then have H ion to build up in the thylakoid space, making a concentration gradient and ion swill move through the protein enzyme ( ATP SYNTHASE) across plasma membrane, the energy occurring from the movement is to be used to add to phosphate group ADP creating ATP
- back to ETC
Electrons from photosystem II arrive at photosystem I. Light strikes photosystem
I, exciting electrons to move down a second electron transport chain reduce
NADP+ to NADPH.
▪ NADP+ and H+ will form a bond when an electron is accepted from the
2nd electron transport chain (from photosystem I). NADP+ is reduced in
this step because its overall charge becomes more negative when it
accepts the electron.
▪ NADPH is referred to as an electron carrying molecule because it will
carry electrons that can be used in oxidation reduction reactions. The
NADPH will be oxidized when it donates its electron in an oxidation
reduction reaction.
- NADPH and ATP will then move to stroma to start Calvin cycle
what is the purpose of light reactions?
to create ATP & NADPH to fuel carbon reactions
where do light reactions occur?
In thylakoid membrane and space in the photosystems
what is the dark reaction stage?
ATP& NADPH
- CO2 will enter the Calvin cycle and will interact with enzyme rubisco and react with ribulose biphosphate ( RuBP)
- the energy stored in ATP & NADPH so that rubies can convert CO2 and RUBP to molecule PGAL
- some of the PGAL will be used to make starch, glucose, sucrose OR make another RUBP to keep cycle going
- in order for Calvin cycle to continue you need the RUBP to interact with CO2
-
where does the Calvin cycle occur?
in stroma does not require light
what are the reactant of light reaction?
light and water
what are the products of light reactions?
ATP AND NADPH & OXYGEN
what are the recants of Calvin cycle?
CO 2,ATP, NADPH
what are the products of the Calvin cycle
SUGAR
where does the 1st electron transport chain start and end?
light energy strikes photo system 2 and excites electrons and this causes electrons to move down the ETC to photo system1
where does the 2nd electron transport chain start and end ?
photo system 1 will also have light energy that will strike it exciting the electrons again and moving down the ETC and the energy from this movement is going to be used to make NADPH molecules
- NADP+ and H+ will form a bond when an electron is accepted from the
2nd electron transport chain (from photosystem I). NADP+ is reduced in
this step because its overall charge becomes more negative when it
accepts the electron.
ends at NADPH
what is produced in electron transport chain one?
proton gradient of H ions that make ATP
what is produced in electrons transport chain two?
NADP+ is reduced in this step because its overall charge becomes more negative when it accepts the electron making NADPH
What is the purpose of water in light reactions?
to be broken down to add electrons back into photosystem and make protein gradient that makes ATP
what is the electro magnetic spectrum?
range of naturally occurring radiation, visible light is a small part of it
what are photons?
packets of energy
400 highest energy 700 lowest
what is chlorophyl ?
a pigment present in all green plants and a few other organisms. It is required for photosynthesis
there is chlorophyll a and b that are photosynthetic pigments responsible for green in plant
what is the primary photosynthetic
Chlorophyll pigment A that is a blue and green pigment that autrophs use to harness enrgy from sunlight, accessory ;pigments absorb wavelength of light that chlorophyll a cannot
what is chemiosmotic phosphorylation?
reaction that produces ATP using ATP synthase and the potential energy of a proton gradient also known as photo phosphorylation,
what is ATP synthase?
enzyme complex that admit ions through a membrane, trigging phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
what type of concentration gradient is produced?
Proton gradient
What happens during the Calvin cycle?
rubisco catalyses reaction of CO2 with RuBP to make two molecules of PGA that are converted to PGAL. Then becomes glucose and other carbohydrates
what is aerobic cellular respiration?
biochemical pathway that produces ATP by extracting energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen
OXYGEN NEEDED
what are the overall products of aerobic cellular respiration?
CO2, H2O, ATP
what are the overall reactants of aerobic cellular respiration?
Glucose and Oxygen
what is anaerobic cellular respiration?
energy pathway that doesn’t require oxygen. Nitrate and sulfate
what is glycolysis?
breakdown of sugar,
what is Krebs cycle ?
oxidizes pyruvate and release CO2
what is the electron transport chain?
carry electron carrying molecules, most important part in chemical reactions, what is going to make the most ATP (membrane-bound molecular complex that shuttles electrons to slowly extract their energy)
what is the importance of electron carrying molecules in aerobic cellular respiration?
energy harvested from glucose can be temporarily stored until the cell can convert the energy into ATP.
what is the transition step?
2 pyruvate turned into 2 acetyle - coA to enter kerb cycle
where dos the kerb cycle occur in prokaryotic cells?
cytosol
where dos the kerb cycle occur in eukaryotic cell?
mitochondria matrix (inner membrane)
where does the ETC occur in eukaryotic cells ?
inner mitochondrial membrane
where does the ETC occur in prokaryotic cells?
plasma membrane
where does the glycolysis occur in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells ?
cytoplasma
what are the krebs cycle products
carbon dioxide,
NADH,
FADH2
ATP
what are the krebs cycle reactants
acetyl CoA.
what are the reactants of glycolysis ?
1 glucose
2 ATP
2 NAD +
4 ADP
what are the products of glycolysis ?
2 pyruvate
2 ADP
NADPH
4 ATP
H20
what many times do things happen in cellular respiration?
2x
what are the reactants of ETC in cellular respiration?
glucose, oxygen and ADP are the reactants
what are the products of the ETC in cellular respiration?
ATP,
H20
what is the transition step?
pyruvate being oxidised to acetyl coa to enter the kreb cycle
transition reactants
2 pyruvate
2 NAD
Transition products Products
2 acetyl coa
2 NADPH
CO2
net gain of ATP in glycolysis ?
2
total gain of ATP in glycolysis?
4
What is ferminataion?
( so that glycolysis can continue ) metabolic pathway in which NADH from glycolysis reduces pyruvate, Provides NAD+
why does ATP only come from glycolysis only come from glycolysis during fermentation ?
