Lesson 2

Question 1

stated that learning is a more or less permanent change in behavior brought about by a series of conditioned reflexes or CONDITIONING (stimulus-response bonds).

Answer 1

Watson and Pavlov

Question 2

stated that stimulus-response bonds are strengthened by reinforcements such as rewards or punishments.

Answer 2

Thorndike and Skinner

Question 3

stated that meaningful learning will only occur if existing cognitive structures are organized and differentiated.

Answer 3

Subsumption Theory of Meaningful Verbal Learning

Question 4

knowledge is packed into units called “SCHEMATA”. (Ex: Remembering how to bottle-feed an infant or the route of work.)

Answer 4

Concept of Schema/Schemata

Question 5

the learning of facts. New information is learned and added to the existing schemata.

Answer 5

Accretion

Question 6

existing schemata evolve or are refined throughout the life span as new situations and issues are encountered.

Answer 6

Tuning

Question 7

development of the new schemata by copying an old schema and adding new elements that are different enough to warrant the new schema.

Answer 7

Restructuring

Question 8

proposes that individual learners actively construct their own learning on the basis of their prior knowledge, experiences, and interactions with the environment; opposite of behaviorism due to its belief of the learner’s active manipulation of the information presented.

Answer 8

Constructivism

Question 9

proposed that when information is acquired, it is stored in many places of the brain, forming a network of connections. The more connections there are to an item in memory storage, the easier it is to retrieve from memory.

Answer 9

Connectionist Models

Question 10

acquisition of knowledge and skills that changes a person’s behavior.

Answer 10

Learning

Question 11

the process that learners use to gauge their thinking while reading, studying, and trying to learn.

Answer 11

Metacognition

Question 12

an innate ability that predicts success in learning.

Answer 12

Intelligence

Question 13

consolidation of information takes place.

Answer 13

Memory

Question 14

ability to take the information learned and apply it to another.

Answer 14

Transfer

Question 15

learning from actual experience

Answer 15

Concrete Experience (CE) Abilities

Question 16

learning by observing others.

Answer 16

Reflective Observation (RO) Abilities

Question 17

creating theories to explain what it is seen.

Answer 17

Abstract Conceptualization (AC) Abilities

Question 18

using theories to solve problems

Answer 18

Active Experimentation (AE) Abilities

Question 19

person who learns AC and AE. This person is good in decision-making, problem solving, and likes dealing with technical work rather than interpersonal relationships.

Answer 19

Converger

Question 20

A person who stresses CE and RO. This person excels in imagination, awareness of meaning, and loves working in groups.

Answer 20

Diverger

Question 21

person who relies heavily on CE and AE; impatient, risk-taker and acts on intuition.

Answer 21

Accommodator

Question 22

person who emphasizes AC and RO; person is more concerned with the ideas rather than people.

Answer 22

Assimilator

Question 23

likes high-structured, quite-learning environments and do not like being interrupted.

Answer 23

Concrete Sequential Learners

Question 24

are intuitive, use trial and error methods, and look for alternatives

Answer 24

Concrete Random Learners

Question 25

holistic thinkers who seek understanding of incoming information.

Answer 25

Sequential Learners

Question 26

think holistically and greatly benefit from visual stimuli; focused on personal relationships

Answer 26

Abstract Random Learners

Question 27

Analyzes the elements of the situation

Answer 27

Field Independent

Question 28

More people-oriented

Answer 28

Field Dependent (Independent: task-oriented)

Question 29

like to hear solutions and examples explained to them, and may gravitate towards music subjects and group learning as a way to understand information.

Answer 29

Auditory Learners

Question 30

like diagrams, drawing out concepts, charts and processes.

Answer 30

Visual Learner

Question 31

prefer reading and writing, word games and poems; know the meanings of a broad category of words, can use them effectively, and actively seek out new words to add to their repertoire.

Answer 31

Verbal Learner

Question 32

err towards careers in programming, accountancy, science, research and other number and pattern-orientated careers.

Answer 32

Mathematical Learner

Question 33

Commonly called hands-on learners; prefer to physically engage with the materials of the subject matter.

Answer 33

Kinesthetic Learner

Question 34

represent about 5% of the population, and gravitate towards careers with lots of hands on work like emergency services, physical education and sports.

Answer 34

Physical Learner

Question 35

show preference towards groups and collaboration. Some, but not all, will gravitate towards leadership within a group.

Answer 35

Social Learners

Question 36

Some of the qualities often associated with this type of learner include: Independent, Introspective, Private

Answer 36

Solitary Learner

Question 37

may gravitate towards careers with a lot of self determination or motivation, as well as solitary workloads.

Answer 37

Intrapersonal Learner

Question 38

Factors that influences learning:

Answer 38

Culture Age Emotional Status Socioeconomic Level

Question 39

The deep approach encourages students to interact vigorously and critically with the ____________ in order to understand new ideas and integrate these ideas with what they learned and test them on reality.

Answer 39

content

Question 40

The surface approach is totally the opposite of the deep approach, with students showing only a little or no personal engagement with the subject matter. They are unable to understand the _________________ and distinguish guiding principles or patterns in learning.

Answer 40

subject matter

Question 41

the concerted sharing of knowledge and experience, which is usually organized within a discipline and, more generally, the provision of stimulus to the psychological and intellectual growth of a person by another person or artifact.

Answer 41

Teaching

Question 42

teaching as ______________ activity in which knowledge is transmitted from someone who has acquired that knowledge to novice learners: teaching as knowledge transmission.

Answer 42

instructor-centered

Question 43

teaching as a ________________ activity in which the instructor ensures that learning is made possible for novice learners and supports, guides, and encourages them in their active and independent creation of new knowledge: teaching as assisted knowledge creation

Answer 43

learner-centered

Question 44

Teaching for Understanding Framework:

Answer 44

1. Generative Topics 2. Understanding Goals 3. Performances of Understanding 4. Ongoing Assessment

Question 45

Focuses more on mental processes rather than behavior

Answer 45

Cognitive Learning Theories