LESSON 2 Flashcards by Airez Ortiaga

is a device that accepts
information (in the form of digitalized data)
and manipulates it for some result based on
a program, software, or sequence of
instructions on how the data is to be
processed.

Computer

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It responds to a specific set of
instructions in a well-defined
manner.
It can execute a pre-
recorded list of instructions.
It can quickly store and
retrieve large amounts of
data.

Three principal characteristics of computer:

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FOUR KINDS OF COMPUTER

SUPERCOMPUTERS
MAINFRAME
COMPUTERS
MINICOMPUTERS
MICROCOMPUTERS

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any of a class of extremely powerful
computers. The term is commonly applied
to the fastest high-performance systems
available at any given time. Such
computers have been used primarily for
scientific and engineering work requiring
exceedingly high-speed computations.

SUPERCOMPUTERS

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informally called a
mainframe or big iron, is a computer used
primarily by large organizations for critical
applications like bulk data processing for
tasks such as censuses, industry and
consumer statistics, enterprise resource
planning, and large-scale transaction
processing.

MAINFRAME COMPUTERS

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a computer that was smaller, less expensive,
and less powerful than a mainframe or
supercomputer but more expensive and
more powerful than a personal computer.

-These were used for scientific and
engineering computations, business
transaction processing, file handling, and
database management

MINICOMPUTERS

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-is a complete computer
on a small scale, designed for use by one
person at a time.

is now primarily called a
personal computer (PC), or a device based
on a single-chip microprocessor. Common of include laptops and
desktops.

MICROCOMPUTERS

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Two Classification of
Microcomputers

PERSONAL
COMPUTERS and WORKSTATIONS

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often referred to as a
PC, is a computer designed for individual
use. It is typically used for tasks such as
word processing, internet browsing, email,
multimedia playback, and gaming.

PERSONAL
COMPUTERS

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is/are a special computer
designed for technical or scientific
applications. Intended primarily to be used
by a single user, they are commonly
connected to a local area network and run
multi-user operating systems.

WORKSTATIONS

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What are these …
1. Purpose of a computer is to
process data into information.

Hardware and Software
are two different entities.There are five basic operations
of a computer.
All computers use
the same five basic operations:
input, processing, storage, output,
and communications.

Three key concepts of how computer works

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are raw facts and figures that are processed into information?

Data

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is data that has been summarized or otherwise transformed for use in decision making.

Information

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is a collection of code that drives a computer to perform a related group of tasks.

Software/programs

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two types of software:

System Software
Application Software

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are software run by the computer to manage or control the hardware.
Examples: operating system (OS), Basic Input
Output System (BIOS), device driver, and compilers
and associated programs.

System Software

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are software that are related to a specific real-life
situation in accomplishing a specific task. We
encounter this type of software a lot every day. The
smartphone industry calls it “apps”.

Examples: office software, database software,
communication software, entertainment software

Application Software

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It is one of the basic operations of a
computer it is whatever is put in
(“input”) to a computer
system. Input can be nearly
any kind of data – letters
numbers, symbols, colors,
temperatures, sounds, or
whatever raw material needs
processing

Input Operations.

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One of the basic operations of a
computer where the set of activities and
techniques used to manage
and optimize the production
of goods and services in an
organization.

Processing Operations

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One of the basic operations of a
computer where a mechanism that enables a computer to retain data, either temporarily or permanently.

Storage Operations

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Two types of storage operations?

Primary Storage and Secondary Storage

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is a key component of a computer system that enables it to function.
(Temporary storage)
(This type of storage includes random access
memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM),
cache and flash memory. Each of these have
different uses within the computer.)

PRIMARY STORAGE

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sometimes called auxiliary storage, is non-volatile and is used
to store data and programs for later retrieval.
(Permanent storage)
(There are many kinds of secondary storage,
each with advantages and disadvantages.
Most storage devices use either magnetic or
optical storage media.)

SECONDARY STORAGE

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One of the basic operations of a
computer where these operations refer to data signals sent by the output
device in response to the data input.
These are whatever is put out of the computer system.

Output Operations

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two types of Output Operations:

Softcopy and Hardcopy.

an electronic copy (or e-copy) of some type of data, such as a file viewed on a computer's display, one that doesn’t exist in physical form or on paper, but is instead or transmitted as an email attachment.

SOFTCOPY

printed on the paper and sometimes it is referred as permanent copy. We can say it is a physical copy. For example- News Paper, Book, Notebook, printed document files, etc.

HARDCOPY

One of the basic operations of a computer where any processes that allow you to communicate which feature a computer or computer program. The computer does this by sending data to one or more other computers, who decode the message and allow the recipient to send a message back.

Communication Operations

The first use of this word was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century.

Computer

(8)BASIC COMPUTING DEVICES

-ABACUS -TALLY STICKS -NAPIER’S BONE -PASCALINE -SLIDE RULER -STEPPED RECKONER -JACQUARD LOOM -ARITHMOMETER

was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages.

TALLY STICKS

a mathematical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations. This was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.

ABACUS

Also known as Napier’s rod, are numbered rods hich can be used to perform multiplication of any number by a 2 – 9, was invented by John Napier in 1614.

NAPIER’S BONE

A hand-operated mechanical calculator consisting of slidable ruler for evaluating mathematical operations and was invented by William Oughtred in 1622 based on Napier’s idea about logarithms.

SLIDE RULER

The first calculator or adding machine invented by Blaise Pascal to be produced in any quantity by manipulating its dials.

PASCALINE

A mechanical calculator invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. The machine that can multiply repeated addition and shifting

STEPPED RECKONER

is a mechanical loom, which was invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1881. It is as automatic loom controlled by punched cards.

JACQUARD LOOM

a mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820. This was the first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine.

ARITHMOMETER

were both automatic, mechanical calculator that is designed to tabulate polynomial functions, the first mechanical computer.

Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

Father of the Computer in 1822 and 1834 also invented Difference and Analytical Machine

CHARLES BABBAGE

Considered as the first computer programmer , chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage’s proposed mechanical general purpose computer, the Analytical Engine.

AUGUSTA ADA BYRON/ ADA LOVELACE

Known as the first printing calculator, by spinning the handle, it automatically calculates and prints out the numbers in logarithmic table

SCHEUTZIAN CALCULATION ENGINE

An electromechanical machine designed to assist in summarizing information stored on punched cards, was invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890

TABULATING MACHINE

Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), was one of the earliest general-purpose electromechanical computers used in the war effort during the last part of World War II.

HARVARD MARK I

This was a motor-driven mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse . It was a binary electrically driven mechanical calculator with limited programmability, reading instructions from punched celluloid film.

Z1 COMPUTER

This (ABC) was the first automatic electronic digital computer. Conventionally, the ABC would be considered the first electronic ALU (arithmetic logic unit) – which is integrated into every modern processor's design.

ATANASOFF BERRY COMPUTER

This is the first commercially successful portable computer, released on April 3, 1981 by Osborne Computer Corporation, a portable device since it can be hand-carried when the keyboard is closed.

OSBORNE 1

ENIAC stands for?

Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer

was the world's first general-purpose electronic computer. This is also considered the world's first programmable computer, although programming the computer was a complex, manual process that could take days.

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)

was one of the earliest electronic computers. Functionally, this was a binary serial computer with automatic addition, subtraction, multiplication, programmed division and automatic checking with an ultrasonic serial memory

EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

EDVAC stands for?

(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

was an early British computer. It was the second electronic digital stored- program computer to go into regular service.

EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)

EDSAC stands for?

The Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator

UNIVAC 1 means?

Universal Automatic Computer l

was the first general- purpose electronic digital computer design for business application produced in the United States. It was designed principally by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the inventors of the ENIAC.

UNIVAC 1 (Universal Automatic Computer l)

was founded by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. It was incorporated on 1947. After building the ENIAC at the University of Pennsylvania, Eckert and Mauchly formed this to build new computer designs for commercial and military applications.

EMCC (Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation)

What are the 4 BASIC COMPUTING AGES

-PREMECHANICAL -MECHANICAL -ELECTROMECHANICAL -ELECTRONIC

is the earliest age of information technology. It can be defined as the time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D.

PREMECHANICAL

This age is when we first start to see connections between our current technology and its ancestors. This age can be defined as the time between 1450 and 1840.

MECHANICAL

This age can be defined as the time between 1840 and 1940. These are the beginnings of telecommunication.

ELECTROMECHANICAL

This age is what we currently live in. It can be defined as the time between 1940 and right now.

ELECTRONIC

What are the FIVE GENERATION OF COMPUTER?

-First Generation 1946 to 1958 -Second Generation 1959 to 1964 -Third Generation 1965 to 1970 -Fourth Generation 1971 to Today -Fifth Generation Today to Future

-The technology behind the primary generation computers was a fragile glass device -These computers were very heavy and really large. First-generation computers were used for calculation, storage, and control purpose.

vacuum tube

Second-generation computers used this rather than bulky vacuum tubes. Another feature was the core storage. This may be a device composed of semiconductor material that amplifies a sign or opens or closes a circuit.

technology of transistors/transistors

(3rd gen) Here a variety of transistors were placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors. The most feature of this era’s computer was speed and reliability. This was made from silicon and also called silicon chips.

Integrated Circuits/ IC.

(4th gen) the large-scale of integration LSI circuits built on one chip called

microprocessors

(4th gen) The computers using microchips were called

microcomputers

-First microprocessors were used. -This generation provided even smaller size of computers, with larger capacities

FOURTH GENERATIONS

-The technology behind the fifth generation of computers is? It allows computers to behave like humans. It is often seen in programs like voice recognition, area of medicine, and entertainment. Within the field of game playing also it’s shown remarkable performance where computers are capable of beating human competitors.

AI (Artificial Intelligence)

LESSON 2 Flashcards

(69 cards)