LESSON 2 Flashcards
is a device that accepts
information (in the form of digitalized data)
and manipulates it for some result based on
a program, software, or sequence of
instructions on how the data is to be
processed.
Computer
- It responds to a specific set of
instructions in a well-defined
manner. - It can execute a pre-
recorded list of instructions. - It can quickly store and
retrieve large amounts of
data.
Three principal characteristics of computer:
FOUR KINDS OF COMPUTER
- SUPERCOMPUTERS
- MAINFRAME
COMPUTERS - MINICOMPUTERS
- MICROCOMPUTERS
any of a class of extremely powerful
computers. The term is commonly applied
to the fastest high-performance systems
available at any given time. Such
computers have been used primarily for
scientific and engineering work requiring
exceedingly high-speed computations.
SUPERCOMPUTERS
informally called a
mainframe or big iron, is a computer used
primarily by large organizations for critical
applications like bulk data processing for
tasks such as censuses, industry and
consumer statistics, enterprise resource
planning, and large-scale transaction
processing.
MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
- a computer that was smaller, less expensive,
and less powerful than a mainframe or
supercomputer but more expensive and
more powerful than a personal computer.
-These were used for scientific and
engineering computations, business
transaction processing, file handling, and
database management
MINICOMPUTERS
-is a complete computer
on a small scale, designed for use by one
person at a time.
- is now primarily called a
personal computer (PC), or a device based
on a single-chip microprocessor. Common of include laptops and
desktops.
MICROCOMPUTERS
Two Classification of
Microcomputers
PERSONAL
COMPUTERS and WORKSTATIONS
often referred to as a
PC, is a computer designed for individual
use. It is typically used for tasks such as
word processing, internet browsing, email,
multimedia playback, and gaming.
PERSONAL
COMPUTERS
is/are a special computer
designed for technical or scientific
applications. Intended primarily to be used
by a single user, they are commonly
connected to a local area network and run
multi-user operating systems.
WORKSTATIONS
What are these …
1. Purpose of a computer is to
process data into information.
- Hardware and Software
are two different entities.There are five basic operations
of a computer. - All computers use
the same five basic operations:
input, processing, storage, output,
and communications.
Three key concepts of how computer works
are raw facts and figures that are processed into information?
Data
is data that has been summarized or otherwise transformed for use in decision making.
Information
is a collection of code that drives a computer to perform a related group of tasks.
Software/programs
two types of software:
- System Software
- Application Software
are software run by the computer to manage or control the hardware.
Examples: operating system (OS), Basic Input
Output System (BIOS), device driver, and compilers
and associated programs.
System Software
are software that are related to a specific real-life
situation in accomplishing a specific task. We
encounter this type of software a lot every day. The
smartphone industry calls it “apps”.
Examples: office software, database software,
communication software, entertainment software
Application Software
It is one of the basic operations of a
computer it is whatever is put in
(“input”) to a computer
system. Input can be nearly
any kind of data – letters
numbers, symbols, colors,
temperatures, sounds, or
whatever raw material needs
processing
Input Operations.
One of the basic operations of a
computer where the set of activities and
techniques used to manage
and optimize the production
of goods and services in an
organization.
Processing Operations
One of the basic operations of a
computer where a mechanism that enables a computer to retain data, either temporarily or permanently.
Storage Operations
Two types of storage operations?
Primary Storage and Secondary Storage
is a key component of a computer system that enables it to function.
(Temporary storage)
(This type of storage includes random access
memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM),
cache and flash memory. Each of these have
different uses within the computer.)
PRIMARY STORAGE
sometimes called auxiliary storage, is non-volatile and is used
to store data and programs for later retrieval.
(Permanent storage)
(There are many kinds of secondary storage,
each with advantages and disadvantages.
Most storage devices use either magnetic or
optical storage media.)
SECONDARY STORAGE
One of the basic operations of a
computer where these operations refer to data signals sent by the output
device in response to the data input.
These are whatever is put out of the computer system.
Output Operations
two types of Output Operations:
Softcopy and Hardcopy.
an electronic copy (or e-copy) of some type of
data, such as a file viewed on a computer’s
display, one that doesn’t exist in physical form or on paper, but is instead or transmitted as an email attachment.
SOFTCOPY
printed on the paper and sometimes it is
referred as permanent copy. We can say it is a physical copy. For
example- News Paper, Book, Notebook, printed
document files, etc.
HARDCOPY
One of the basic operations of a
computer where any processes that allow you to communicate which feature a computer or computer program. The computer does this by
sending data to one or more other computers, who decode the message and allow the recipient to send a message back.
Communication Operations
The first use of this word was recorded in 1613,
referring to a person who carried out calculations, or
computations, and the word continued to be used in that
sense until the middle of the 20th century.
Computer
(8)BASIC COMPUTING DEVICES
-ABACUS
-TALLY STICKS
-NAPIER’S BONE
-PASCALINE
-SLIDE RULER
-STEPPED RECKONER
-JACQUARD LOOM
-ARITHMOMETER
was an ancient memory aid
device to record and document
numbers, quantities, or even
messages.
TALLY STICKS
a mathematical device used to aid
an individual in performing
mathematical calculations. This was invented in Babylonia
in 2400 B.C.
ABACUS
Also known as Napier’s rod, are
numbered rods hich can be used to
perform multiplication of any
number by a 2 – 9, was invented by
John Napier in 1614.
NAPIER’S BONE
A hand-operated mechanical
calculator consisting of slidable
ruler for evaluating mathematical
operations and was invented by
William Oughtred in 1622 based on
Napier’s idea about logarithms.
SLIDE RULER
The first calculator or adding
machine invented by Blaise Pascal
to be produced in any quantity by
manipulating its dials.
PASCALINE
A mechanical calculator invented by
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
The machine that can multiply
repeated addition and shifting
STEPPED RECKONER
is a mechanical loom, which was
invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard
in 1881. It is as automatic loom
controlled by punched cards.
JACQUARD LOOM
a mechanical calculator invented by
Thomas de Colmar in 1820. This
was the first reliable, useful and
commercially successful calculating
machine.
ARITHMOMETER
were both automatic, mechanical
calculator that is designed to
tabulate polynomial functions, the
first mechanical computer.
Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
Father of the Computer in 1822 and
1834 also invented Difference and
Analytical Machine
CHARLES BABBAGE
Considered as the first computer
programmer , chiefly known for her
work on Charles Babbage’s
proposed mechanical general
purpose computer, the Analytical
Engine.
AUGUSTA ADA BYRON/ ADA LOVELACE
Known as the first printing
calculator, by spinning the handle, it
automatically calculates and prints
out the numbers in logarithmic table
SCHEUTZIAN CALCULATION ENGINE
An electromechanical machine
designed to assist in summarizing
information stored on punched
cards, was invented by Herman
Hollerith in 1890
TABULATING MACHINE
Also known as IBM Automatic
Sequence Controlled Calculator
(ASCC), was one of the earliest
general-purpose electromechanical
computers used in the war effort
during the last part of World War II.
HARVARD MARK I
This was a motor-driven
mechanical computer designed by
Konrad Zuse . It was a binary
electrically driven mechanical
calculator with limited
programmability, reading instructions from punched celluloid
film.
Z1 COMPUTER
This
(ABC) was the first automatic
electronic digital computer.
Conventionally, the ABC would be
considered the first electronic ALU
(arithmetic logic unit) – which is
integrated into every modern
processor’s design.
ATANASOFF BERRY COMPUTER
This is the first
commercially successful portable
computer, released on April 3, 1981
by Osborne Computer Corporation,
a portable device since it can be
hand-carried when the keyboard is
closed.
OSBORNE 1
ENIAC stands for?
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
was the
world’s first general-purpose
electronic computer. This is also
considered the world’s first
programmable computer, although
programming the computer was a
complex, manual process that could
take days.
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Computer)
was
one of the earliest electronic
computers. Functionally, this
was a binary serial computer with
automatic addition, subtraction,
multiplication, programmed division
and automatic checking with an
ultrasonic serial memory
EDVAC(Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer)
EDVAC stands for?
(Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer)
was
an early British computer. It was the
second electronic digital stored-
program computer to go into regular
service.
EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Calculator)
EDSAC stands for?
The Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Calculator
UNIVAC 1 means?
Universal Automatic
Computer l
was the first general-
purpose electronic digital computer
design for business application
produced in the United States. It
was designed principally by J.
Presper Eckert and John Mauchly,
the inventors of the ENIAC.
UNIVAC 1 (Universal Automatic
Computer l)
was founded
by J. Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly. It was incorporated on
1947. After building the ENIAC at
the University of Pennsylvania,
Eckert and Mauchly formed this
to build new computer designs for
commercial and military
applications.
EMCC (Eckert–Mauchly Computer
Corporation)
What are the 4 BASIC COMPUTING AGES
-PREMECHANICAL
-MECHANICAL
-ELECTROMECHANICAL
-ELECTRONIC
is the
earliest age of information
technology. It can be defined as the
time between 3000B.C. and
1450A.D.
PREMECHANICAL
This age is when we
first start to see connections
between our current technology and
its ancestors. This age
can be defined as the time between
1450 and 1840.
MECHANICAL
This age can be
defined as the time between 1840
and 1940. These are the
beginnings of telecommunication.
ELECTROMECHANICAL
This age is what we
currently live in. It can be defined as
the time between 1940 and right
now.
ELECTRONIC
What are the FIVE GENERATION OF COMPUTER?
-First Generation
1946 to 1958
-Second Generation
1959 to 1964
-Third Generation
1965 to 1970
-Fourth Generation
1971 to Today
-Fifth Generation
Today to Future
-The technology behind the primary
generation computers was a fragile
glass device
-These computers
were very heavy and really large.
First-generation computers were
used for calculation, storage, and
control purpose.
vacuum tube
Second-generation computers used
this rather
than bulky vacuum tubes. Another
feature was the core storage. This may be a device
composed of semiconductor
material that amplifies a sign or
opens or closes a circuit.
technology of transistors/transistors
(3rd gen)
Here
a variety of transistors were placed
on silicon chips, called
semiconductors. The most feature
of this era’s computer was speed
and reliability. This was made from
silicon and also called silicon chips.
Integrated
Circuits/ IC.
(4th gen)
the large-scale of integration LSI
circuits built on one chip called
microprocessors
(4th gen)
The computers using microchips
were called
microcomputers
-First microprocessors were used.
-This
generation provided even smaller
size of computers, with larger
capacities
FOURTH GENERATIONS
-The technology behind the fifth
generation of computers is?
It
allows computers to behave like
humans. It is often seen in
programs like voice recognition,
area of medicine, and
entertainment. Within the field of
game playing also it’s shown
remarkable performance where
computers are capable of beating
human competitors.
AI (Artificial Intelligence)
