LESSON 2 Flashcards
an electronic machine that accepts information (Data), processes it according to specific instructions, and provides the results as new information.
Computer
- Earliest Computers
Originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was?
Computers
These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression.
Earliest computers
The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics.
Earliest computers
- Earliest computers
These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a?
Mathematical expression
The first use of the word _________ was recorded in _______?
The first use of the word “𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐫” was recorded in “𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟑”
•Earliest computers
The first use of the word “computer” was recorded in 1613, referring to a _____________ who carried out ____________, or ___________, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the ______________.
The first use of the word “computer” was recorded in 1613, referring to a “person “ who carried out “calculations”, or “computations “, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the “20th century” .
an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages.
Tally stick
a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations.
Abacus
The abacus was invented in?
Babylonia in 2400 B. C
The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in?
China in around 500 B.C.
Abacus used to perform basic ____________?
Arithmetic operations
Napier’s Bones Invented by?
John Napier in 1614.
Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards.
Napier’s Bones
Napier bones, allowed the operator to ________, _________ and calculate _________ and ___________ by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards.
Allowed the operator to “ multiply”, “divide” and calculate “square” and “cube roots”
Slide Rule was Invented by?
William Oughtred in 1622
Slide rule is based on Napier’s idea about?
Logarithms
Slide Rule used primarily for?
• Multiplication
• division
• roots
• logarithm
• trigonometry
This is not normally used for addition or subtraction?
Slide Rule
Pascaline was Invented by?
Blaise Pascal in 1642.
It was its limitation to addition and subtraction, and it was too expensive
Pascaline
Stepped Reckoner was Invented by?
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.
Stepped Reckoner
Stepped Reckoner, the machine that can ____ , ________ , ________ and _________ automatically.
The machine that can “add” , “subtract” , “ multiply” and “divide” automatically .
The Jacquard Loom is a mechanical loom invented by?
Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.
It’s an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
Jacquard Loom
Arithmometer a mechanical calculator invented by?
Thomas de Colmar in 1820.
The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine.
Arithmometer
True or False
Arithmometer, this machine could perform all the basic mathematic functions.
False, since the machine could perform the “ four “ basic mathematic functions only
The first mass-produced calculating machine.
Arithmometer
Arithmometer , the first _________ , __________ and ____________ successful calculating machine.
The first “ reliable” , “useful” and “commercially” successful calculating machine.
It’s an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions.
Difference Engine
It is the first mechanical computer
Analytical Engine
Difference Engine and Analytical Engine invented by?
Charles Babbage (Father of Computer) in 1822 and 1834.
Who is the father of computer?
Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
Who is the first computer programmer?
Augusta Ada Byron, in 1840
In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the _______ ?
Binary system
She writes programs for the Analytical Engine
Augusta Ada Byron
Scheutzian Calculation Engine Invented by ?
Per Georg Scheutz in 1843
It is inspired on Charles Babbage’s difference engine.
Scheutzian Calculation Engine
• The first printing calculator.
Scheutzian Calculation Engine
Tabulating Machine Invented by?
Herman Hollerith in 1890.
Assist in summarizing information and accounting
Tabulating machine
Tabulating Machine assist in summarizing ___________ and __________ ?
Tabulating Machine assist in summarizing “ information “and “accounting”
ASCC stands for?
Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator
Harvard Mark 1 invented by?
Howard H. Aiken in 1943.
Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC).
Harvard Mark 1
The first electro -mechanical computer
Harvard Mark 1
The first programmable computer?
Z1
Z1 created by?
Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938
• True or False
To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape.
True
To program the Z1 required that the user insert ________ into a ___________ reader and all output was also generated through _________.
To program the Z1 required that the user insert “ punch tape” into a “punch tape” reader and all output was also generated through “punch tape”.
ABC stands for?
Atanasoff-Berry Computer
It was the first electronic digital computing device.
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) invented by ?
Professor John Atanasoff
Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at _______ State University between _____ and _______
Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at “lowa “ State University between “1939 “and “ 1942” .
ENIAC stands for?
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
• It was the first electronic general purpose computer. Completed in 1946.
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. (ENIAC)
.
ENIAC developed by?
John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly
UNIVAC 1 stands for?
UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1
The first commercial computer
UNIVAC 1 (UNIversal Automatic Computer 1)
UNIVAC 1 designed by?
Presper Eckert and john Mauchly
EDVAC stands for?
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
The first stored program computer?
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
EDVAC designed by?
Von Neumann in 1952
It has a memory to hold both a stored programs as well as data
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
The first portable computer
Osborne 1
Osborne 1 released in ?
1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation
The first computer was the?
Electronics Controls Company
The first computer company founded in?
1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
First Generation - ______ - ________
1946 - 1958
Second Generation - ______ - ________
1959- 1964
Third Generation - ______ - ________
1965 -1970
Fourth Generation - ______ - ________
1971 - today
Fifth Generation - ______ - ________
Today to future
The first computers used __________ for circuitry and _________ for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.
The first computers used “ vacuum tubes “ for circuitry and “ magnetic drums “ for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.
They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
The first Generation
relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time.
The First Generation
Input was based on _________ and _________ , and output was displayed on _________ .
Input was based on “ punched cards “and “paper tape” , and output was displayed on “printouts “.
replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.
Transistors
One transistor replaced the equivalent of ?
40 vacuum tubes.
Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable.
The second generation
Still generated a great deal of heat that can damage the computer.
Transistor (The Second Generation)
computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words.
The Second Generation
Computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for ouput
The Second Generation
These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in
their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core
technology
Transistor - driven machines (The Second Generation)
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the?
the third generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called __________, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called “semiconductors” which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second generation computer
The Third Generation
The third generation could carry out instructions in ____________
The third generation could carry out instructions in “ billionths of a second”
Users interacted through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory.
third generation computers
Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience. because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
The Third Generation
• True or False
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.
True
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a ____________?
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a “single silicon chip”
In which generation computers can be linked together to form networks?
The fourth Generation
the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
The fourth Generation
It is based on Arttificial Intelligence (AI) and it is still in development?
The Fifth Generation
The use of ______________ and ______________ is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
The use of “parallel processing” and “superconductors” is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
The Fifth Generation
There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.
The Fifth Generation
