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EM-TECH > LESSON 2 > Flashcards

LESSON 2 Flashcards

1
Q

an electronic machine that accepts information (Data), processes it according to specific instructions, and provides the results as new information.

A

Computer

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2
Q
  • Earliest Computers
    Originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was?
A

Computers

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3
Q

These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression.

A

Earliest computers

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4
Q

The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics.

A

Earliest computers

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5
Q
  • Earliest computers
    These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a?
A

Mathematical expression

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6
Q

The first use of the word _________ was recorded in _______?

A

The first use of the word “𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐫” was recorded in “𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟑”

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7
Q

•Earliest computers

The first use of the word “computer” was recorded in 1613, referring to a _____________ who carried out ____________, or ___________, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the ______________.

A

The first use of the word “computer” was recorded in 1613, referring to a “person “ who carried out “calculations”, or “computations “, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the “20th century” .

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8
Q

an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages.

A

Tally stick

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9
Q

a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations.

A

Abacus

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10
Q

The abacus was invented in?

A

Babylonia in 2400 B. C

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11
Q

The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in?

A

China in around 500 B.C.

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12
Q

Abacus used to perform basic ____________?

A

Arithmetic operations

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13
Q

Napier’s Bones Invented by?

A

John Napier in 1614.

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14
Q

Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards.

A

Napier’s Bones

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15
Q

Napier bones, allowed the operator to ________, _________ and calculate _________ and ___________ by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards.

A

Allowed the operator to “ multiply”, “divide” and calculate “square” and “cube roots”

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16
Q

Slide Rule was Invented by?

A

William Oughtred in 1622

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17
Q

Slide rule is based on Napier’s idea about?

A

Logarithms

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18
Q

Slide Rule used primarily for?

A

• Multiplication
• division
• roots
• logarithm
• trigonometry

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19
Q

This is not normally used for addition or subtraction?

A

Slide Rule

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20
Q

Pascaline was Invented by?

A

Blaise Pascal in 1642.

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21
Q

It was its limitation to addition and subtraction, and it was too expensive

A

Pascaline

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22
Q

Stepped Reckoner was Invented by?

A

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.

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23
Q

The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.

A

Stepped Reckoner

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24
Q

Stepped Reckoner, the machine that can ____ , ________ , ________ and _________ automatically.

A

The machine that can “add” , “subtract” , “ multiply” and “divide” automatically .

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25
Q

The Jacquard Loom is a mechanical loom invented by?

A

Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.

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26
Q

It’s an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.

A

Jacquard Loom

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27
Q

Arithmometer a mechanical calculator invented by?

A

Thomas de Colmar in 1820.

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28
Q

The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine.

A

Arithmometer

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29
Q

True or False

Arithmometer, this machine could perform all the basic mathematic functions.

A

False, since the machine could perform the “ four “ basic mathematic functions only

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30
Q

The first mass-produced calculating machine.

A

Arithmometer

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31
Q

Arithmometer , the first _________ , __________ and ____________ successful calculating machine.

A

The first “ reliable” , “useful” and “commercially” successful calculating machine.

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32
Q

It’s an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions.

A

Difference Engine

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33
Q

It is the first mechanical computer

A

Analytical Engine

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34
Q

Difference Engine and Analytical Engine invented by?

A

Charles Babbage (Father of Computer) in 1822 and 1834.

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35
Q

Who is the father of computer?

A

Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834

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36
Q

Who is the first computer programmer?

A

Augusta Ada Byron, in 1840

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37
Q

In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the _______ ?

A

Binary system

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38
Q

She writes programs for the Analytical Engine

A

Augusta Ada Byron

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39
Q

Scheutzian Calculation Engine Invented by ?

A

Per Georg Scheutz in 1843

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40
Q

It is inspired on Charles Babbage’s difference engine.

A

Scheutzian Calculation Engine

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41
Q

• The first printing calculator.

A

Scheutzian Calculation Engine

42
Q

Tabulating Machine Invented by?

A

Herman Hollerith in 1890.

43
Q

Assist in summarizing information and accounting

A

Tabulating machine

44
Q

Tabulating Machine assist in summarizing ___________ and __________ ?

A

Tabulating Machine assist in summarizing “ information “and “accounting”

45
Q

ASCC stands for?

A

Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator

46
Q

Harvard Mark 1 invented by?

A

Howard H. Aiken in 1943.

47
Q

Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC).

A

Harvard Mark 1

48
Q

The first electro -mechanical computer

A

Harvard Mark 1

49
Q

The first programmable computer?

A

Z1

50
Q

Z1 created by?

A

Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938

51
Q

• True or False

To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape.

A

True

52
Q

To program the Z1 required that the user insert ________ into a ___________ reader and all output was also generated through _________.

A

To program the Z1 required that the user insert “ punch tape” into a “punch tape” reader and all output was also generated through “punch tape”.

53
Q

ABC stands for?

A

Atanasoff-Berry Computer

54
Q

It was the first electronic digital computing device.

A

Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

55
Q

Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) invented by ?

A

Professor John Atanasoff

56
Q

Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at _______ State University between _____ and _______

A

Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at “lowa “ State University between “1939 “and “ 1942” .

57
Q

ENIAC stands for?

A

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.

58
Q

• It was the first electronic general purpose computer. Completed in 1946.

A

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. (ENIAC)
.

59
Q

ENIAC developed by?

A

John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly

60
Q

UNIVAC 1 stands for?

A

UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1

61
Q

The first commercial computer

A

UNIVAC 1 (UNIversal Automatic Computer 1)

62
Q

UNIVAC 1 designed by?

A

Presper Eckert and john Mauchly

63
Q

EDVAC stands for?

A

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

64
Q

The first stored program computer?

A

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

65
Q

EDVAC designed by?

A

Von Neumann in 1952

66
Q

It has a memory to hold both a stored programs as well as data

A

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

67
Q

The first portable computer

A

Osborne 1

68
Q

Osborne 1 released in ?

A

1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation

69
Q

The first computer was the?

A

Electronics Controls Company

70
Q

The first computer company founded in?

A

1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

71
Q

First Generation - ______ - ________

A

1946 - 1958

72
Q

Second Generation - ______ - ________

A

1959- 1964

73
Q

Third Generation - ______ - ________

A

1965 -1970

74
Q

Fourth Generation - ______ - ________

A

1971 - today

75
Q

Fifth Generation - ______ - ________

A

Today to future

76
Q

The first computers used __________ for circuitry and _________ for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.

A

The first computers used “ vacuum tubes “ for circuitry and “ magnetic drums “ for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.

77
Q

They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.

A

The first Generation

78
Q

relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time.

A

The First Generation

79
Q

Input was based on _________ and _________ , and output was displayed on _________ .

A

Input was based on “ punched cards “and “paper tape” , and output was displayed on “printouts “.

80
Q

replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.

A

Transistors

81
Q

One transistor replaced the equivalent of ?

A

40 vacuum tubes.

82
Q

Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable.

A

The second generation

83
Q

Still generated a great deal of heat that can damage the computer.

A

Transistor (The Second Generation)

84
Q

computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words.

A

The Second Generation

85
Q

Computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for ouput

A

The Second Generation

86
Q

These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in
their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core
technology

A

Transistor - driven machines (The Second Generation)

87
Q

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the?

A

the third generation of computers.

88
Q

Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called __________, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

A

Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called “semiconductors” which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

89
Q

Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second generation computer

A

The Third Generation

90
Q

The third generation could carry out instructions in ____________

A

The third generation could carry out instructions in “ billionths of a second”

91
Q

Users interacted through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory.

A

third generation computers

92
Q

Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience. because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

A

The Third Generation

93
Q

• True or False

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.

A

True

94
Q

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a ____________?

A

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a “single silicon chip”

95
Q

In which generation computers can be linked together to form networks?

A

The fourth Generation

96
Q

the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

A

The fourth Generation

97
Q

It is based on Arttificial Intelligence (AI) and it is still in development?

A

The Fifth Generation

98
Q

The use of ______________ and ______________ is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.

A

The use of “parallel processing” and “superconductors” is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.

99
Q

The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

A

The Fifth Generation

100
Q

There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.

A

The Fifth Generation

EM-TECH (3 decks)

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