Lesson 18: Kufr- the opposite of Imān Flashcards
Opposite of Iman, and it’s evidence in the Quran
Just as we spoke about the opposite of Tawheed being Shirk, the opposite of Imān is Kufr. This is also a proof that Iman doesn’t just mean تصديق- a basic belief. The opposite of تصديق- Basic belief is تَكْذِيب-denial. Kufr is more than just refusing to believe.
When Allah said:
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> **هُوَ ٱلَّذِى خَلَقَكُمۡ فَمِنكُمۡ كَافِرٌ وَمِنكُم مُّؤۡمِنٌۚ وَٱللَّهُ بِمَا تَعۡمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ**
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> **It is He who created you, and among you is the disbeliever, and among you is the believer. And Allāh, of what you do, is Seeing.**
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> -Taghabun 2
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Allah made the opposite of Iman, Kufr.
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Meaning of Kufr linguistically
> التَّغْتِيَة وَسَّتْر
To cover and conceal something
For example, one would say:
فُلَانٌ كَفَرَ بِنِعْمَةِ اللَّهِ إِذَا سَتَرَهَا فَلَمْ يَشْكُرْهَا
“Someone denied (did Kufr) the blessings of Allah when he covered/concealed it and did not express gratitude for it.
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> **الكُفْرُ لُغةً: التَّغطيةُ للشَّىءِ والسَّترُ له، فكأنَّه تغطيةٌ منه على حَقِّ اللهِ عزَّ وجَلَّ، وفُلانٌ كَفَر نِعمةَ اللهِ: إذا سَترَها فلم يَشكُرْها، وأصلُ (كفر): يدُلُّ على السَّتْرِ والتَّغطِيةِ**
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"Linguistically, kufr means covering or concealing something. It is as if it is a covering over the truth of Allah, the Mighty and Majestic. Someone (Fulan) is said to have committed kufr regarding Allah's blessing if he conceals it and does not express gratitude for it. The root of the word (k-f-r) indicates covering and concealing.
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Statement of Ibn Taymiyyah (728 AH) on what Kufr is
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> **قَالَ شَيْخُ الْإِسْلَامِ: الْكُفْرُ عَدَمُ الْإِيمَانِ بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ، سَوَاءٌ كَانَ مَعَهُ تَكْذِيبٌ أَوْ لَمْ يَكُنْ مَعَهُ تَكْذِيبٌ بَلْ شَكٌّ وَرَيْبٌ أَوْ إِعْرَاضٌ عَنْ هَذَا حَسَدًا أَوْ كِبْرًا أَوْ اتِّبَاعًا لِبَعْضِ الْأَهْوَاءِ الصَّارِفَةِ عَنْ اتِّبَاعِ الرِّسَالَةِ.**
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> *"Shaykh al-Islam said: Kufr (disbelief) is the lack of (not to have) Iman in Allah and His Messenger, whether accompanied by denial or not. It may be due to doubt, uncertainty, or turning away from this out of envy, arrogance, or following some desires that divert from following the message.”*
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> -(١) مجموع الفتاوى لشيخ الإسلام ابن تيمية (١٢ - ٣٣٥) .
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For example, lets take a person who does not believe, but has not denied. Such as those who didn’t accept Islam, they say “I don’t say it’s not true, im not saying its false, etc but i am not a muslim.” This is Kufr even if it does not have doubt in it. Denial (**تَكْذِيبٌ)** is such as the one who if you ask them if they believe in Islam, they say I’ve had it presented, and I reject it
Just as how Iman doesn’t equate to just **تصديق exact (just simply believing in the truthfulness of Islam) Kufr isn’t just only rejecting Islam.**
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Statement of Muhammed Ibn Ali (Ibn Hazm 456 AH) on what Kufr is and what is required before it being established on a person
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> **"وَهُوَ فِي الدِّينِ: صِفَةٌ مَنْ جَحَدَ شَيْئًا مِمَّا افْتَرَضَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى الْإِيمَانَ بِهِ، بَعْدَ قِيَامِ الْحُجَّةِ عَلَيْهِ بِبُلُوغِ الْحَقِّ إِلَيْهِ بِقَلْبِهِ دُونَ لِسَانِهِ، أَوْ بِلِسَانِهِ دُونَ قَلْبِهِ، أَوْ بِهِمَا مَعًا، أَوْ عَمِلَ عَمَلًا جَاءَ النَّصُّ بِأَنَّهُ مُخْرِجٌ لَهُ بِذَلِكَ عَنْ اسْمِ الْإِيمَانِ.”**
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> **"In the religion, it is {Kufr} the characteristic/description of someone who denies/rejects anything that Allah Almighty has obligated Iman in, after the proof has been established against him by the truth reaching him. This could be {the person disbelieving} in his heart without his tongue, or with his tongue without his heart, or with both. Or it is an action that is explicitly stated as causing him to be excluded from the name of faith.”**
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- Proof has to be established
> **مَّنِ ٱهْتَدَىٰ فَإِنَّمَا يَهْتَدِى لِنَفْسِهِۦ ۖ وَمَن ضَلَّ فَإِنَّمَا يَضِلُّ عَلَيْهَا ۚ وَلَا تَزِرُ وَازِرَةٌۭ وِزْرَ أُخْرَىٰ ۗ وَمَا كُنَّا مُعَذِّبِينَ حَتَّىٰ نَبْعَثَ رَسُولًۭا**
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> **Whoever is guided is only guided for [the benefit of] his soul. And whoever errs only errs against it. And no bearer of burdens will bear the burden of another. And never would We punish until We sent a messenger.**
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> -Al Isra 15
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1. Despite there having to be proof established, this does not mean the average non muslim is excused by default. This also does not mean we consider the non muslim as a muslim and when we know of their beliefs we don’t. We judge by what is apparent, as for that which isn’t, such as if the person has had the proof established against them and so on, we leave that to Allah. When a Munafiq comes, we treat them as a Muslim, we were not commanded to open the peoples heart. The prophet treated the Muslims as Muslims, and the Non muslims as Non Muslims, he didn’t ask weather or not the message reached the person. If a person never got the message, they will be tested in the Akhirah.
The messenger **ﷺ** said:
> **إِنِّي لَمْ أُومَرْ أَنْ أَنْقُبَ عَنْ قُلُوبِ النَّاسِ**
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> **I have not been commanded to pierce through the hearts of people**
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> -Bukhari and Muslim
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and:
> **أَفَلَا شَقَقْتَ عَنْ قَلْبِهِ حَتَّى تَعْلَمَ أَقَالَهَا أَمْ لَافَمَا**
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> “**Did you tear open his heart to know if he meant it or not?”**
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> -Muslim
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- Kufr could be from the heart without the tongue
- A person conceals their belief, like a Munafiq
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- Kufr could be by the tongue without the heart
- Mocking Islam even without the intention of leaving it
- Not the person who was forced
> **مَن كَفَرَ بِٱللَّهِ مِنۢ بَعْدِ إِيمَـٰنِهِۦٓ إِلَّا مَنْ أُكْرِهَ وَقَلْبُهُۥ مُطْمَئِنٌّۢ بِٱلْإِيمَـٰنِ وَلَـٰكِن مَّن شَرَحَ بِٱلْكُفْرِ صَدْرًۭا فَعَلَيْهِمْ غَضَبٌۭ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ وَلَهُمْ عَذَابٌ عَظِيمٌۭ**
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> **Whoever disbelieved in Allâh after his belief, except him who is forced thereto and whose heart is at rest with Faith; but such as open their breasts to disbelief, on them is wrath from Allâh, and theirs will be a great torment.**
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> -An Nahl 106
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> **وَلَئِن سَأَلْتَهُمْ لَيَقُولُنَّ إِنَّمَا كُنَّا نَخُوضُ وَنَلْعَبُ ۚ قُلْ أَبِٱللَّهِ وَءَايَـٰتِهِۦ وَرَسُولِهِۦ كُنتُمْ تَسْتَهْزِءُونَ**
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> **لَا تَعْتَذِرُوا۟ قَدْ كَفَرْتُم بَعْدَ إِيمَـٰنِكُمْ ۚ إِن نَّعْفُ عَن طَآئِفَةٍۢ مِّنكُمْ نُعَذِّبْ طَآئِفَةًۢ بِأَنَّهُمْ كَانُوا۟ مُجْرِمِينَ**
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> **If you ask them (about this), they declare: "We were only talking idly and joking." Say: "Was it at Allâh (عز وجل), and His Ayât (proofs, evidence, verses, lessons, signs, revelations) and His Messenger (صلى الله عليه وسلم) that you were mocking?"**
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> **Make no excuse; you disbelieved after you had believed. If We pardon some of you, We will punish others amongst you because they were Mujrimûn (disbelievers, polytheists, sinners, criminals.).**
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> -Tawbah 65-66
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Saying something with the tongue that is Kufr, even if the heart didn’t intend to leave Islam
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- Kufr could be with both Heart and tongue
- Does both, has disbelief in his heart and expresses it
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- A person does an action where there is a nass (textual evidence) that it is Kufr.
- Issues like leaving the prayer (but this is an issue of dispute).
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As for individual people saying something is Kufr, this is not sufficient and requires evidence.
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Statement of Ibn Qayyim (751 AH) on how one can commit Kufr
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> **فَكَمَا يَكْفُرُ بِالْإِتْيَانِ بِكَلِمَةِ الْكُفْرِ اخْتِيَارًا - وَهِيَ شُعْبَةٌ مِنْ شُعَبِ الْكُفْرِ - فَكَذَلِكَ يَكْفُرُ بِفِعْلِ شُعْبَةٍ مِنْ شُعَبِهِ، كَالسُّجُودِ لِلصَّنَمِ، وَالاِسْتِهَانَةِ بِالْمُصْحَفِ، فَهَذَا أَصْلٌ.**
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> **"Just as one disbelieves by uttering a word of disbelief by choice—which is a branch of disbelief—so too does one disbelieve by performing a branch of it, such as prostrating to an idol or showing disrespect to the Quran. This is a fundamental principle."**
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- Kufr has branches, just like Iman has
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Statement of Ibn Taymiyyah (728 AH) on: Shirk (not referring to the technical definition of his that we mentioned in the lesson on major/minor Shirk)
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> **يَقُولُ ابْنُ تَيْمِيَّةَ (وَأَصْلُ الشِّرْكِ أَنْ تُعْدِلَ بِاللهِ مَخْلُوقَاتِهِ فِي بَعْضِ مَا يَسْتَحِقُّهُ وَحْدَهُ).**
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> **"Ibn Taymiyyah says: 'The essence/core of shirk (associating partners with Allah) is to equate Allah’s creation with Him in some of what He alone deserves.'"**
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- We spoke about this previously, and we gave several definitions as well including one by Ibn Taymiyyah
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Statement of Ibn Taymiyyah on: Kufr
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> **فَإِنَّ الْكُفْرَ عَدَمُ الْإِيمَانِ بِاَللَّهِ وَرُسُلِهِ سَوَاءٌ كَانَ مَعَهُ تَكْذِيبٌ أَوْ لَمْ يَكُنْ مَعَهُ تَكْذِيبٌ بَلْ شَكٌّ وَرَيْبٌ أَوْ إعْرَاضٌ عَنْ هَذَا كُلِّهِ حَسَدًا أَوْ كِبَرًا أَوْ اتِّبَاعًا لِبَعْضِ الْأَهْوَاءِ الصَّارِفَةِ عَنْ اتِّبَاعِ الرِّسَالَةِ.**
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> **"Kufr is the absence of faith (not believing) in Allah and His messengers (Not believing in them), regardless of whether it involves outright denial, doubt, indifference, envy, arrogance, or following whims that lead one away from following the message."**
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Allah said:
> **يَـٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوٓا۟ ءَامِنُوا۟ بِٱللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِۦ وَٱلْكِتَـٰبِ ٱلَّذِى نَزَّلَ عَلَىٰ رَسُولِهِۦ وَٱلْكِتَـٰبِ ٱلَّذِىٓ أَنزَلَ مِن قَبْلُ ۚ وَمَن يَكْفُرْ بِٱللَّهِ وَمَلَـٰٓئِكَتِهِۦ وَكُتُبِهِۦ وَرُسُلِهِۦ وَٱلْيَوْمِ ٱلْـَٔاخِرِ فَقَدْ ضَلَّ ضَلَـٰلًۢا بَعِيدًا**
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> **O you who believe! Believe in Allâh, and His Messenger (Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم), and the Book (the Qur’ân) which He has sent down to His Messenger, and the Scripture which He sent down to those before (him); and whosoever disbelieves in Allâh, His Angels, His Books, His Messengers, and the Last Day, then indeed he has strayed far away.**
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> -Nisa 136
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Summary of what kufr and Shirk are as explained by as sa’di/si’di (1376 AH) and Ibn Taymiyyah (728 AH)
Kufr is not having Iman in the core of what Iman is (’Aqeedah) be it a part of it or all of it, just like Iman is beliefs, statements and actions, Kufr can also be in beliefs, statements and actions, and it is more general than the word Shirk. From the types of Kufr, there is Shirk in worship (uluhiyyah), names and attributes (asma was sifat), his lordship (Rububiyyah).
What are the 2 opinions on the relationship between Kufr and Shirk?
here is no difference {weak}
Second View: بَيْنَهُمَا عُمُومٌ وَخُصُوصٌ | between them there is generality and specificity {Majority view}
Who were some of the scholars who said Kufr and Shirk are the same and what was their evidence?
they brought the evidence:
> إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ لَا يَغْفِرُ أَن يُشْرَكَ بِهِۦ وَيَغْفِرُ مَا دُونَ ذَٰلِكَ لِمَن يَشَآءُ ۚ وَمَن يُشْرِكْ بِٱللَّهِ فَقَدِ ٱفْتَرَىٰٓ إِثْمًا عَظِيمًاIndeed, Allāh does not forgive association with Him, but He forgives what is less than that for whom He wills. And he who associates others with Allāh has certainly fabricated a tremendous sin.-Nisa 48
From among the scholars who held this view is:
- Ibn Hazm
- Shafi’ee (attributed to by Ibn Hazm)
- Abu Bakr Ibn Al-Asamm
- Shaykh Albani (1420 AH)
> كُلُّ كُفْرٍ شِرْكٌ كَمَا أَنَّ كُلَّ شِرْكٍ كُفْرٌ، لَا فَرْقَ بَيْنَهُمَا إِطْلَاقًاEvery type of Kufr is making a partner with Allah, and every type of making a partner with Allah is Kufr. There is no difference between them and Allah
He brought evidence such as:
> قَالَ لَهُۥ صَاحِبُهُۥ وَهُوَ يُحَاوِرُهُۥٓ أَكَفَرْتَ بِٱلَّذِى خَلَقَكَ مِن تُرَابٍۢ ثُمَّ مِن نُّطْفَةٍۢ ثُمَّ سَوَّىٰكَ رَجُلًۭا ٣٧لَّـٰكِنَّا۠ هُوَ ٱللَّهُ رَبِّى وَلَآ أُشْرِكُ بِرَبِّىٓ أَحَدًۭا ٣٨His companion said to him during the talk with him: “Do you disbelieve in Him Who created you out of dust (i.e. your father Adam), then out of Nutfah (mixed semen drops of male and female discharge), then fashioned you into a man?But as for me, He is Allāh, my Lord, and I do not associate with my Lord anyone.-Kahf 32-38
he called his action disbelief, then at the end of his advice and preaching to him, he explained to him not to associate partners with God, as he had associated partners, and he said at the end of the story:
> وَأُحِيطَ بِثَمَرِهِۦ فَأَصْبَحَ يُقَلِّبُ كَفَّيْهِ عَلَىٰ مَآ أَنفَقَ فِيهَا وَهِىَ خَاوِيَةٌ عَلَىٰ عُرُوشِهَا وَيَقُولُ يَـٰلَيْتَنِى لَمْ أُشْرِكْ بِرَبِّىٓ أَحَدًۭاSo his fruits were encircled (with ruin). And he remained clapping his hands (with sorrow) over what he had spent upon it, while it was all destroyed on its trellises, and he could only say: “Would that I had ascribed no partners to my Lord!” [Tafsir Ibn Kathîr]
He himself stated that his action was polytheism, and his companion called it disbelief. This indicates that they are two names for one thing, and they are synonymous.
> وَمَن يَدْعُ مَعَ ٱللَّهِ إِلَـٰهًا ءَاخَرَ لَا بُرْهَـٰنَ لَهُۥ بِهِۦ فَإِنَّمَا حِسَابُهُۥ عِندَ رَبِّهِۦٓ ۚ إِنَّهُۥ لَا يُفْلِحُ ٱلْكَـٰفِرُونَAnd whoever invokes (or worships), besides Allâh, any other ilâh (god), of whom he has no proof; then his reckoning is only with his Lord. Surely! Al-Kâfirûn (the disbelievers in Allâh and in the Oneness of Allâh, polytheists, pagans, idolaters) will not be successful.-Mu’minun 117
Allah called anyone who associated partners with him a disbeliever
> يُرِيدُونَ أَن يُطْفِـُٔوا۟ نُورَ ٱللَّهِ بِأَفْوَٰهِهِمْ وَيَأْبَى ٱللَّهُ إِلَّآ أَن يُتِمَّ نُورَهُۥ وَلَوْ كَرِهَ ٱلْكَـٰفِرُونَهُوَ ٱلَّذِىٓ أَرْسَلَ رَسُولَهُۥ بِٱلْهُدَىٰ وَدِينِ ٱلْحَقِّ لِيُظْهِرَهُۥ عَلَى ٱلدِّينِ كُلِّهِۦ وَلَوْ كَرِهَ ٱلْمُشْرِكُونَThey (the disbelievers, the Jews and the Christians) want to extinguish Allâh’s Light (with which Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم has been sent - Islâmic Monotheism) with their mouths, but Allâh will not allow except that His Light should be perfected even though the Kâfirûn (disbelievers) hate (it).It is He Who has sent His Messenger (Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم) with guidance and the religion of truth (Islâm), to make it superior over all religions even though the Mushrikûn (polytheists, pagans, idolaters, disbelievers in the Oneness of Allâh) hate (it).-Tawbah 32-33
Allah called them disbelievers and polytheists
In these ayat, Kufr and Shirk are used interchangeably
What is the view of the second group of scholars on the relationship between Kufr and Shirk
Second View: بَيْنَهُمَا عُمُومٌ وَخُصُوصٌ | between them there is generality and specificity {Majority view}
This basically means that they are like overlapping circles- 2 circles that overlap, have things that they share, and have things that is exclusive to them. They have parts where they overlap, and parts where each have their own.
There are things that are Shirk but not Kufr, like Shirk al Asghar, and things that are Kufr without Shirk, like mocking/making fun of the religion, a person who doubts, etc.
Evidence of this view {NOT A PART OF LESSON}
> لَمْ يَكُنِ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ مِنْ أَهْلِ ٱلْكِتَـٰبِ وَٱلْمُشْرِكِينَ مُنفَكِّينَ حَتَّىٰ تَأْتِيَهُمُ ٱلْبَيِّنَةُ ١Those who disbelieve from among the people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians) and Al-Mushrikûn,1were not going to leave (their disbelief) until there came to them clear evidence.-Bayyinah 1
- Allah distinguished between them
- This is what the language requires, and the linguistic difference between the two words is: the word polytheism is taken from the word partner, so whoever does not make a partner for God is not a polytheist
> إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ مِنْ أَهْلِ ٱلْكِتَـٰبِ وَٱلْمُشْرِكِينَ فِى نَارِ جَهَنَّمَ خَـٰلِدِينَ فِيهَآ ۚ أُو۟لَـٰٓئِكَ هُمْ شَرُّ ٱلْبَرِيَّةِIndeed, they who disbelieved among the People of the Scripture and the polytheists will be in the fire of Hell, abiding eternally therein. Those are the worst of creatures.-Bayinah 6
Why is a person who follows their desire and disbelieves Allah in a way, a Mushrik?
- When a person disbelieves in Allah, and follows their desires, it as though they made their desires a partner with Allah, so in that sense they can be called Mushrik, they made themselves/desires with a partner with Allah, even though they didn’t make partners with Allah in the immediate sense of the word.
> أَرَءَيْتَ مَنِ ٱتَّخَذَ إِلَـٰهَهُۥ هَوَىٰهُ أَفَأَنتَ تَكُونُ عَلَيْهِ وَكِيلًاHave you (O Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم) seen him who has taken as his ilâh (god) his own vain desire? Would you then be a Wakîl (a disposer of his affairs or a watcher) over him?-Furqan 25:43
Even though some scholars said the same, there is no doubt they are not, and this is the correct opinion, rather there are areas where they overlap, and sometimes one can be used to refer to the other, and the 2 are slightly different, and a slightly different meaning to them, and there are examples of 1 without the other.
What is meant by تَسْمِيَةُ الشَّيْءِ بِبَعْضِ أَفْرَادِهِ | Calling something by a name of a part of it
This is known as: إِطْلَاقُ الجُزْءِ عَلَى الكُلِّ-you take something, and you name something by a part of it (you have a big concept, and you take a part of that concept and use it as a name for it). And this is the reason why you have the word Shirk used in place of the word Kufr, as Shirk is the biggest and most common part of Kufr, its correct both in the Arabic language and the Shariah to name something by its {common part}.
Statement of Imam an Nawawi on the difference between Kufr and Shirk and an explanation of it
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> **قالَ الإمامُ النَّوَوِيُّ: "إِنَّ الشِّرْكَ وَالكُفْرَ قَدْ يُطْلَقَانِ بِمَعْنًى وَاحِدٍ؛ وَهُوَ الكُفْرُ بِاللهِ تَعَالَى، وَقَدْ يُفَرَّقُ بَيْنَهُمَا، فَيُخَصَُّ الشِّرْكُ بِعَبَدَةِ الأَوْثَانِ وَغَيْرِهَا مِنَ المَخْلُوقَاتِ، مَعَ اعْتِرَافِهِمْ بِاللهِ تَعَالَى، كَكُفَّارِ قُرَيْشٍ، فَيَكُونُ الكُفْرُ أَعَمَّ مِنَ الشِّرْكِ، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ"**
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> **Imam al-Nawawi said, "Shirk (associating partners with Allah) and kufr (disbelief) may be used interchangeably to mean disbelief in Allah. However, a distinction can be made, where shirk specifically refers to the worshippers of idols and other creations, despite their acknowledgment of Allah, like the disbelievers of Quraysh. Thus, kufr is broader {more general} than shirk, and Allah knows best.”**
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But like we said, they are overlapping circles, as there is Shirk which is not Kufr (Shirk al Asghar) and there is Kufr which is not Shirk, like declaring Halal what Allah may Haram (But some say this has a meaning of Shirk) or making fun of the religion.
So even though the majority is in the middle, and because the majority is in the middle, many times Allah uses Shirk for Kufr, as the overlapping part of the circle is huge (majority). As for the few examples on each side (Shirk without Kufr, Kufr without Shirk) they are limited, and does not stop the original concept, which is that Kufr and Shirk are different from each other, and between them are overlapping circles (**بَيْنَهُمَا عُمُومٌ وَخُصُوصٌ**), where the majority is the same, while there are instances where they are not.
</aside>
How does the principle: If they separate, they come together, and if they come together, they separate | أنهما إذا افترقا اجتمعا، وإذا اجتمعا افترقا work with regards to Kufr and Shirk?
When polytheism and disbelief are separated, they have one meaning, which is disbelief in God Almighty. When they come together in a verse, hadith, or sentence, what is meant by disbelief is denying the Creator, glory be to Him. What is meant by polytheism is making a partner for God from among His creations, and associating him with Him in creation or worship, or in both together. In its origin, disbelief is the suppression of Lordship, and in its origin, polytheism is the suppression of divinity.
As such:
there is a difference between polytheism and disbelief, and there is a connection between them. The difference between them is: generality and specificity, as we mentioned in the second statement. As for the connection between them: There is no disbeliever who does not associate his desires and his devil with God. There is no polytheist who does not disbelieve in the oneness of God.
