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Pharmacology Ucc GEMP > Lesson > Flashcards

Lesson Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

The study of drugs and their effects on living organisms.

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2
Q

What is the WHO definition of a drug?

A

Any substance or product that is used and intended to be used to modify or explore the physiological system or pathological state for the benefit of the recipient.

WHO - World Health Organization

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3
Q

How can drugs be grouped by their names?

A

By the conditions they treat (e.g., antidepressants), by their chemical characteristics (e.g., benzodiazepines), or by their effects on body systems (e.g., central nervous system depressants).

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4
Q

What are prescription drugs?

A

Drugs used under medical supervision and dispensed by order of a medical practitioner only.

Example sentence: The doctor prescribed a medication for the patient’s condition.

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5
Q

What are OTC drugs?

A

Over-The-Counter drugs that can be sold without a prescription.

Example sentence: She bought some OTC painkillers for her headache.

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6
Q

What is a chemical name of a drug?

A

Reflects the chemical composition of the drug.

Example sentence: The chemical name of aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid.

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7
Q

What is a generic name of a drug?
Another name for generic name of a drug is?

A

Related to the chemical name, independent of the manufacturer, and known as the non-proprietary name.

A non-proprietary name is another term for a generic name. It is the official, standardized name of a drug that is not owned by any specific manufacturer. This name is used to identify the drug’s chemical substance or its pharmacological class universally. For instance, “ibuprofen” is a non-proprietary name, while “Advil” and “Motrin” are proprietary (brand) names for the same drug.

Example sentence: Ibuprofen is the generic name for Advil.

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8
Q

What is a trade name of a drug?

A

Designated and patented by the manufacturer, also known as a brand name.

Example sentence: Tylenol is a trade name for acetaminophen.

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9
Q

What does pharmacokinetics deal with?

A

The ADME process: what the body does to the drug.

Example sentence: Pharmacokinetics involves the study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body.

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10
Q

What does pharmacodynamics deal with?

A

The biological effect of the drug, its mechanism of action, and the relationship between its plasma concentration and response.

Example sentence: Pharmacodynamics focuses on understanding how a drug interacts with the body to produce its effects.

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11
Q

What is pharmacotherapy?

A

The clinical application of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics information to cure diseases.

Example sentence: Pharmacotherapy involves using pharmacological principles to treat medical conditions.

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12
Q

What does clinical pharmacology involve?

A

Comparative clinical evaluations of new drugs.

Example sentence: Clinical pharmacology assesses the safety and efficacy of new medications in human subjects.

Clinical pharmacology involves:

  1. Pharmacokinetics: Studying how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body.
  2. Pharmacodynamics: Examining the effects of drugs on the body and their mechanisms of action.
  3. Drug Interactions: Understanding how different drugs or substances influence each other’s effects.
  4. Individualized Therapy: Tailoring drug treatments to individual patient needs.
  5. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Measuring drug levels to ensure effectiveness and prevent toxicity.

Overall, it focuses on optimizing drug use for better patient outcomes.

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13
Q

What is toxicology?

A

The study of toxicity, poisonous effects of chemicals, symptoms, and treatment of poisoning.

Example sentence: Toxicology is an important field in medicine and forensic science.

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14
Q

What does chemotherapy in pharmacology deal with?

A

The systemic infection or malignancy with drugs selective for infecting organisms.

Chemotherapy in pharmacology refers to the use of chemical agents to treat diseases by targeting specific disease-causing cells or organisms.

In the context of cancer, chemotherapy refers to the use of antineoplastic (anticancer) drugs that selectively target and destroy cancer cells. These drugs aim to kill or inhibit the growth of rapidly dividing cancer cells while trying to minimize damage to normal, healthy cells.

Example sentence: Chemotherapy is commonly used in the treatment of cancer.

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15
Q

What does pharmacogenetics study?

A

Inherited differences in drug metabolism or response in humans.

Example sentence: Pharmacogenetics helps personalize drug therapy based on genetic factors.

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16
Q

What does pharmacogenomics focus on?
Between pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics, which aims to optimize drug treatment through genetic analysis?

A

The genetic makeup (genome) of individuals to choose drug therapy.

Example sentence: Pharmacogenomics aims to optimize drug treatment through genetic analysis.

Pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics are related fields that study how genetic variations affect individual responses to medications, but they differ in scope.

  1. Pharmacogenetics:
    • Focuses on the study of how genetic differences between individuals influence their responses to drugs.
    • It usually involves specific genes and their variants that affect drug metabolism, efficacy, or toxicity. For example, the gene CYP2C19 affects how individuals metabolize clopidogrel.
  2. Pharmacogenomics:
    • A broader field that encompasses pharmacogenetics and involves the study of the entire genome to understand how genetic variations influence drug responses.
    • It integrates genomic information with drug development and therapy, aiming to tailor drug treatments to individual genetic profiles.

Both fields aim to personalize medicine, improving drug efficacy and reducing adverse effects by considering genetic factors.

17
Q

What is pharmacoepeidemiology?

A

The study of the use and effects of drugs in large populations to establish the risk-benefit ratio.

Example sentence: Pharmacoepeidemiology plays a crucial role in evaluating the safety and effectiveness of medications.

18
Q

What does pharmacovigilance involve?

A

Continuous monitoring for unwanted effects and other safety-related aspects of marketed drugs, involving detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects.

Additional information: Pharmacovigilance is essential in ensuring the safe use of medications.

19
Q

What are pharmacopoeias?

A

Official publications containing a list of medicinal drugs with their effects and directions for their use, including British Pharmacopoeia.

Additional information: Pharmacopoeias serve as a valuable resource for healthcare professionals in prescribing medications.

20
Q

What are formularies?

A

Lists of prescription drugs used by practitioners to identify drugs that offer the greatest overall value, such as the National Formulary of India.

Example: Doctors use formularies to select the most cost-effective medications for their patients.

21
Q

What is the Pharmaceutical Codex?

A

An official publication by the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.

Additional information: The Pharmaceutical Codex provides essential information on pharmaceutical substances and dosage forms.

22
Q

What is the importance of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in clinical application?

A

They provide information crucial for the therapeutic application of drugs, ensuring effic

Additional information: Understanding pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics helps healthcare professionals optimize drug therapy for individual patients.

23
Q

What role does pharmacovigilance play in public health?

A

It ensures the safety of marketed drugs by continuously monitoring for adverse effects and improving drug safety standards.

It ensures the safety of marketed drugs by continuously monitoring for adverse effects and improving drug safety standards.

24
Q

What physiological and biochemical effect does a drug cause?

A

A drug causes a physiological effect after causing a biochemical effect.

A drug causes a physiological effect after causing a biochemical effect.

25
Q

What is ADME in pharmacokinetics?

A

ADME stands for Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion.

ADME stands for Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion.

26
Q

What is the difference between pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD)?

A

Pharmacokinetics is the movement of drugs through the body (what the body does to the drug), while pharmacodynamics is the body’s biological response to drugs (what the drug does to the body).

PK describes a drug’s absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties (ADME), while PD describes how biological processes in the body respond to or are impacted by a drug. PK/PD together can be thought of as an exposure/response relationship.

27
Q

What are sources of drug compendia information?

A

Sources include USP (United States Pharmacopeia), IP (Indian Pharmacopeia), and BP (British Pharmacopeia).

No additional information.

28
Q

What do drug compendia and pharmacopoeia show in clinical trials?

A

They show the expected results you’re supposed to get from a clinical trial, allowing you to compare your actual results against these expected results to determine accuracy and propriety when creating or reformulating a drug.

No additional information.

29
Q

What is the generic name of Valium,vivol and diastat

A

Diazepam

30
Q

What is the generic name for Motrin,advil, ibren,

A

Ibuprofen

31
Q

What is the generic name for esidrix,oretic,hydro-par

A

Hydrochlorthiazide

32
Q

What are the sources of drug information?

A

Drug compendia(formularies and pharmacopeias)
Non official sources (martindale)
Official sources.

33
Q

What is the formulary of British Pharmacopoeias?
What about United States own?
What about indias own?

A

Pharmaceutical codex( by pharmaceutical
Society of Great Britain)

National Formulary (by American
Pharmaceutical Association)

National Formulary of India

34
Q

Pharmacopoeia includes list of esta
blished drugs and medicinal preparation
with the description of their
(a) Physical properties
(b) Identification test
(c) Purification test
(d) Potency test
(e) All the above

A

e

35
Q

Drug as a chemical substance used for the treatment prevention or diagnosis of a disease
Or drug as a chemical substance used to modify physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient

The latter statement more clearly defines the use of drugs

The former statement rules out drugs such as oral contraceptives which are used to prevent pregnancy. Pregnancy isn’t a disease.

Drug categories:
1.
Prescription:prescription only cuz they have narrow window of therapeutic index and can easily become toxic. Prescription only Also to limit anti microbial resistance.
Non prescription drugs :OTC drugs

2.Each type of drug has three types of names:
Chemical name
Generic/non proprietary name : related to chemical name and is independent of the manufacturer
Trade or proprietary name:
Patented by the manufacturer

Example: Chemical name for para is p acetamidophenol
Generic name for it is paracetamol
Trade name for it is panadol,Tylenol,etc
Trade names are easier to pronounce

3.Pregnancy categories

Sources of drugs:
Synthetic drugs- most drugs. Quality can be better controlled. Process is easier and cheaper
Structure can be modified for better, more potent and safer drugs. Either synthetic or parasynthetic(mixture of synthetic and natural compounds). Synthetic means modifying chemical structures of existing compounds or preparing new compounds in the lab.

Plant: atropine,nicotine,digoxin,quinine
Animal:insulin,B12,thyroxine. B12 can be obtained from plants.
Insulin is from pancreas
B12 from
Microbiological:penicillin(this is from a mould)
Minerals:ferrous sulphate

Pharmacokinetics

Route of administration

Types of routes:
Parenteral :don’t use GIT. IM,IV,SC,intrathecal(into the spinal cord),intradermal(into the skin),intraosseous (into the bone marrow),intra peritoneal,inhalation
Enteral:uses GIT. Oral,rectal,buccal(between gums and cheek),sublingual,ocular,

Parenteral over enteral when the condition is severe

Fraction of administered drug that ends up in plasma- bioavailability.
This is 1 or 100% for IV route
All the dose of the drug is administered into plasma cuz if 75mg Para is administered into the IV,all the 75mg will enter the blood.

The response to the drug can be directly linked to the dose administered. This is true for Iv route cuz if you take 20mg nifedipine and 10mg nifedipine for hypertension, the one who took 20mg will experience a faster drop in bp than the 10mg one so it’s true that the response to the drug is related to the amount of the drug you’ll give.

Absorption across the IV route is more than the oral route: this isn’t true cuz there’s no absorption in the IV route. You’re already putting it into the blood so

Sometimes, the drug administered goes to hide in the fatty tissue so you won’t see the effect of the drug now. It’ll take sometime as compared to someone else who has less fatty tissue so the drug will go straight into the blood and you’ll see effect faster.
If you increase the dose of the drug in the person who the drug has gone to hide, you can kill the person cuz the drug is there. It’s just taking longer for the drug to move from tissue to the blood so if you add more to what is already there, it’ll be toxic

Half life of drug is directly proportional to the rate of metabolism.

A

Drugs that are derived from natural sources but are then chemically modified or synthesized to enhance their efficacy, stability, or other properties. These drugs start with a natural product but undergo chemical changes.
• Examples:
• Morphine: Derived from the opium poppy plant, but chemically modified in its various forms and derivatives.
• Penicillin: Originally derived from the mold Penicillium notatum, but synthesized in various forms for medicinal use.

Topical or Local Routes (Not involving the GI tract but not parenteral)

1.	Ocular: Applied directly to the eye.
2.	Nasal: Administered through the nose.
3.	Transdermal: Applied to the skin.
4.	Vaginal: Inserted into the vagina.

Pharmacology Ucc GEMP (4 decks)

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