Lesson 12 - Humanistic Psych

Question 1

Describe the zeitgeist of the 50s to the 70s

Answer 1

Influence psych in terms of inclusivity within the field
Highlight the limitations in the diagnosis/treatment of minority groups
Allow for the rise of humanism
Rise of feminism after the reverting to traditional gender roles that occured after WWII

Question 2

What was the view of psychiatry in the 50s-70s?

Answer 2

Mental illness is a social construct that creates pathologies where there are none

Question 3

Why did the 50s-70s welcomed a rise of feminism in the field?

Answer 3

Sexism within the field was called out
Masculine theories - no rights for women
Researchers ignoring the realities of women
Reinforcement of traditional sex-role stereotypes
Women were pathologized, as well as all minorities
Drugs were overprescribed to women

Question 4

Who were the Black Panthers?

Answer 4

A group which fought against police brutality against the Black community and against the lack of services in their communities

Question 5

What were the Stonewall Riots?

Answer 5

Led by queer people, riots started to protest against the criminalization of queerness and for the rights of LGBTQ people

Question 6

In 1979, Rhoda Unger made an important distinction. What was it?

Answer 6

She differentiated between sex (biological XX and XY chromosomes) and gender (male/female, socially constructed)

Question 7

What is the Bem Sex Role inventory

Answer 7

A questionnaire to determine femal and male personality

Found that androgenous people (equally male and female) had the healthiest psyche

Question 8

What is Bandura’s vicarious reinforcement?

Answer 8

the ability to learn by example through observing others and the consequences of their behaviour

Question 9

What is Bandura’s modelling?

Answer 9

The result of observational learning and vicarious reinforcement (we are more likely to model simple rather than complex behaviours)
Demonstrated w the Bobo doll experiment

Question 10

Explain Bandura’s triadic reciprocal determinism model

Answer 10

A model in which:
1- Personal factors that include both physical characteristics and cognitive factors
2-Environmental influences (social)
3-Behaviour
All interact together
We have agency and we also influence our environment

Question 11

Define self-efficacy

Answer 11

One’s sense of self-esteem and competence in ddealing with life’s problems

Question 12

Define self-regulation

Answer 12

Controlling one's behavioural responses
Can be done through
1-Self-observation
2-Judgement
3-Comparison
4-Self-response (rewarding/punishing yourself)

Question 13

Name the 4 main components of Rotter’s social learning theory

Answer 13

1-Behaviour Potential: likelihood of performing a behaviour will depend on which behaviour has the highest potential for reinforcement
2-Expectancy: Probability that a given behaviour will lead to a particular outcome
3-Reinforcement value: desirability of the outcomes of our behaviour
4-Psychological situation: different people will have different expectancies and reinforcement values in the same situation

Maladaptive behaviour can be due to any of those factors

Question 14

Explain Rotter’s concept of the locus of control

Answer 14

People’s beliefs about what determines whether or not they will get reinforced

Internal locus: reinforcement comes from your own behaviour
External locus: behaviour depends on outside factors such as luck

People with an internal locus tend to be healthier

Question 15

Define social psychology, and their definition of evolution and culture

Answer 15

Social psych: scientific study of the feelings, thoughts, and behaviours of individuals in social situations
Evolution: commonalities in human behaviour due to adaptation or natural selection
Culture: understand the differences that exist between societeies, and how those differences influence behaviour

Question 16

Define what is a caste

Answer 16

A system of ranking base on something you are born into, for example race.
Within this system there is also a class system, defined as lower and upper class
Limited people of colour in their social mobility

Question 17

Define Miller and Dollard’s Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 17

People turn to aggression when they are frustrated in reaching their goals
Could explain higher levels of reported aggression in people of colour - based on the caste systems

Question 18

Define Kenneth Clark’s zoot effect

Answer 18

An internalization of social concepts (race, class) which was an attemps to gain psychological security in a world where that person was thought of as inferior

Question 19

What were the results of the Clarks’ doll experiment?

Answer 19

Children from the north had a more emotional response to the discrepancy between their racial identity and their racial attitudes whereas children from the south seemed to accept their lower social status (had internalized the effects of segregation and discrimination)

Question 20

Define third-force psychology (humanistic psych), as founded by Maslow

Answer 20

Emphasized human strengths, positive aspirations, conscious experience, free will, fullfillment of human potential, and a belief in the wholeness of human nature

Question 21

What influened thrid-force psych?

Answer 21

Anti-establishment, counterculture zeigeist, and early theorists like Brentano’s phenomenology and existentialism

Question 22

What is existentialism?

Answer 22

A philosophical school with roots in the 19th century Europe (Kierkegaard, Nietzxche, and Sartre)

Focus on the human experience, or human condition, including search for meaning in life and the awareness of our own mortality
Challenged the mind-body debate

Question 23

What is phenomenology?

Answer 23

Brentano’s act psych emphazised intentionality or the mental act towards somehting being a large part of our phenomenological experience

According to existentialists, phenomenology allow us to strive towards authenticity: following one’s beliefs and make one’s own choices (following an ideology might make you inauthentic)

Question 24

Define what “existence precedes essence” means

Answer 24

Possibly, there is no set predetermined purpose to our lives
We live, and afterwards we find our essence
In opposition to nihilism, which suggests that there is no purpose to life

Question 25

Who suggested a quote similar to “what doesn’t kill you makes you stronger”?

Answer 25

Nietzsche - he said that one who knows their essence can bear anything

Question 26

What is the drive that pushes us to live according to Victor Frankl?

Answer 26

We cannot avoid suffering, but we can choose how we cope with it
Our fundamental, underlying motivator in life is a “will to meaning”, AKA finding our essence

Question 27

What is logotherapy? Frankl

Answer 27

Focusing on controlling our emotional response to the world around us rather than the world around us (which we can’t control anyways)

Question 28

What paradox did Rollo May identified?

Answer 28

Humans are both the subject and the object of experience; we might be the only beings for which it’s true (we are part of nature, but we also interpret and analyze nature)

Question 29

Name the basic tenets of Humanistic psych

Answer 29

1-Little of value can be learned about humans by studying non-humans
2-Subjective reality is the primary guide of human behaviour
3-Studying individuals > studying groups
4-A major effort shoudl be made to discover those things that enrich and expand human experience
5-Research should seek info that will help solve human problems
6-The goal of psych should be to formulate a complete description of what it means to be a human being, the human experience

Question 30

Explain what are deficiency needs (d-needs) in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 30

4 lower-level needs:
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Love needs
Esteem needs

Question 31

Explain what is the being needs (b-needs) in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 31

Self-actualization, the highest on the hierarchy

Question 32

What is self-actualization?

Answer 32

An innate drive to reach one’s full potential
Self-actualized people are:
-Perceive reality fully
-Demonstrate a great acceptance of themselves and others
-Have a need for privacy
-Tend to have only a few friends
-Are creative
-Have risen above the constraints of social norms to pursue their goals

This concept was critiqued

Question 33

What did Carl Rogers bring into the therapeutic field?

Answer 33

The focus was on the person seeking help
Patients became clients
Thearpeutic success rested also in the hands of the client and was non-directive

Question 34

What was the basis of being able to live to our values according to Rogers?

Answer 34

A solid foundation built in childhood through positive regard

Question 35

What is positive regard? Who delivers it?

Answer 35

The need for love and acceptance from your caregiver

If this regard is conditional, it will result in incongruence, or an inauthentic life

If the caregiver could not offer it, Rogers believed that the therapist should

Question 36

What is the organismic valuing process

Answer 36

People who are self-actualizing are in the process of evaluating experiences to determine whether they are in keeping with our values and belief systems

Question 37

Name the 4 main goals of client-centered psych

Answer 37

Become open to experience
Learn to trust themselves
Develop an internal evaluation of themselves
Have a willingness to continue growing

Question 38

Name the 3 key qualities of a good client-centered therapist

Answer 38

Able to offer unconditional positive regard
Needs to be authentic and genuine
Must know empathetic understanding