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BSC2010 > Lesson 1.1: What is Biology > Flashcards

Lesson 1.1: What is Biology Flashcards

1
Q

organisms

A

an individual living entity that grows and reproduces as an independent unit

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2
Q

nucleic acids

A

a polymer made up of nucleotides, specialized for the storage, transmission, and expression of genetic information
ex: DNA and RNA

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3
Q

cell

A

the simplest structural unit of a living organism
- in multicellular organisms, many individual cells serve as the building blocks of tissue and organs

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4
Q

prokaryotes

A

unicellular organisms that do NOT have nuclei
(contrast with eukaryotes)

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5
Q

photosynthesis

A

metabolic processes carried out by green plants and cyanobacteria, by which visible light is trapped and the energy used to convert CO2 into organic compounds

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6
Q

aerobic metabolism

A

in the presence of O2; requiring or using oxygen
- a set of chemical reactions that releases energy from life’s molecules by using O2

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7
Q

anaerobic metabolism

A

occurring without the use of molecular O2
- a set of reactions that extract energy without using O2

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8
Q

organelles

A

any of the membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell
ex: nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria

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9
Q

nucleus

A

centrally located compartment of eukaryotic cells that is enclosed by a double membrane and contains the chromosomes (cell’s genetic information)

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10
Q

eukaryotes

A

organisms made up of one or more complex cells in which the genetic material is contained in nuclei

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11
Q

endosymbiosis

A

the engulfing of one cell by another
- “living inside another”

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12
Q

mitochondria

A

organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the enzymes of the citric acid cycle, respiratory chain, and oxidative phosphorylation
- release energy for use

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13
Q

chloroplasts

A

organelle bound by a double membrane containing the enzymes and pigments that perform photosynthesis
- occur only in eukaryotes

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14
Q

cellular specialization

A

in multicellular organisms, the division of labor such that different cell types become responsible for different functions

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15
Q

genome

A

complete DNA (sometimes RNA) sequence for a particular organism or individual
- sum total of an organism’s genetic material

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16
Q

mutations

A

a change in the genetic material that is not caused by recombination

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17
Q

binomial

A

a taxonomic naming system in which each species is given two names (genus species)
- italicized

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18
Q

phylogenetic trees

A

a graphic representation of the lines of descent among organisms or their genes

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19
Q

tree of life

A

term that encompasses the evolutionary history of all life, or a graphic representation of that history

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20
Q

bacteria

A

unicellular organisms lacking a nucleus
- one of the two primary divisions of life

21
Q

archaea

A

unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus and lack a peptidoglycan in the cell wall
- one of the two primary branches of life

22
Q

domains

A

the tree monophyletic branches of life:
1) bacteria
2) archaea
3) eukarya

23
Q

model systems

A

small group of species that are the subject of extensive research
- adapt well to lab situations

24
Q

tissues

A

a group of similar cells organized into a functional unit

25
Q

organ

A

a body part, composed of two or more tissues integrated to perform a distinct function

26
Q

organ systems

A

an interrelated and integrated group of tissues and organs that work together in a physiological function

27
Q

ecological systems

A

one or more organisms and the environment they interact with
- ecosystems

28
Q

populations

A

group of individuals of the same species that live, interact, and reproduce together in a particular geographic area

29
Q

communities

A

the assemblage of interacting individuals of different species within a particular geographic area

30
Q

landscapes

A

ecological system consisting of multiple ecological communities within a geographic area larger than the area occupied by a single community
- biosphere is landscape of entire earth and all its life

31
Q

system

A

set of interacting parts in which neither the parts nor the whole can be understood without taking into account their interaction with each other

32
Q

components

A

interacting parts of a biological system

33
Q

processes

A

ways in which biological components interact

34
Q

feedback

A

in regulatory systems, information about the relationship between the set point of the system and its current state
- positive: when a product of the system speeds up an earlier process
- negative: when a product of a system slows down an earlier process

35
Q

regulatory systems

A

system that uses feedback information to maintain a physiological function or parameter at an optimal level

36
Q

systems analysis

A

process in which parts/components of a biological system are identified and the process by which they interact are specified

37
Q

equilibrium

A

state of a system in which there is no net change throughout time
- state of stable balance

38
Q

nucelotide

A

building blocks of nucleic acids and important coenzymes

39
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid; fundamental hereditary material of all living organisms

40
Q

proteins

A

compound consisting of one, or more polypeptides
- molecules that govern chemical reactions within cells and form much of organism’s structure

41
Q

gene

A

unit of heredity; unit of genetic function which carries the information for a polypeptide

42
Q

evolution

A

change in the genetic makeup of biological populations through time

43
Q

natural selection

A

the differential contribution of offspring to the next generation by various genetic types belonging to the same population
- mechanism of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin

44
Q

adaptations

A

structural, physiological, or behavioral traits that increase an organism’s chances of surviving and reproducing in its specific environment

45
Q

proximate explanations

A

immediate genetic, physiological, neurological, and developmental explanations for the advantages of an adaptation

46
Q

ultimate explanation

A

historical explanations of the processes that led to the evolution of an adaptation

47
Q

genetic drift

A

random changes in gene frequencies in a population because of chance events

48
Q

theory

A

a body of scientific work in which rigorously tested and well-established facts and principles are used to make predictions about the natural world

BSC2010 (2 decks)

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