Lesson 1.1 Cellular and molecular basics for medical Physiology

Question 1

1/3 total body fluid

Answer 1

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Question 2

2/3 of total body fluid

55-65% body weight

Answer 2

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Question 3

Normal plasma osmolality

Answer 3

285-295 mOsm/Kg (L)
Isotonic = normal tonicity
Hypertonic > isotonic
Hypotonic < isotonic

Question 4

Osmolality = 2[Na+] + (glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8)

Answer 4

Example: for Na = 140, Glucose = 90 and BUN = 12,

Osmolality = (2x140) + (90/18) + (12/2.8) = 289.3 mOsm/Kg

Question 5

Energy is ____________ to coenzyme H+ acceptors such as _____, _________, _______ for use in oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 5

Transferred

NAD, NADP, FAD

Question 6

What compound does oxidative phosphorylation generate with high-energy phosphate bonds

Answer 6

ATP, GTP, CoA

Question 7

Where does the Krebs Citric Acid Cycle: “Oxidative phosphorylation” occurs and how many ATPs are produced per glucose

Answer 7

Mitochondria, requires oxygen

36 ATP/glucose

Question 8

Energy from fat B-oxidation in the mitochondria: Fatty acids are carried from _____into mitochondria by _______, metabolized in mitochondria

Answer 8

Cytosol

Fatty Acyl carnitine

Question 9

Ketogenesis

Answer 9

Energy from fat

Question 10

Suggests that fat is being metabolized at a high rate

Answer 10

Ketones on blood or urine

Question 11

TRANSAMINASES

Answer 11

Ever hear about “liver function tests”?

AST is Aspartate Aminotransferase and ALT is Alanine Aminotransferase

Question 12

Fate of Excess Amino Acids

Answer 12

Urea

Question 13

2 chains of nucleotides bind together in a helical form by H bonds:
Adenine and thymine, cytosine and guanine

Answer 13

Nucleic acids: DNA

Question 14

The superstructure of chromosomes is held together with _______and other proteins

Answer 14

Histones

Question 15

Discontinuous sequences of DNA which code for the amino acid sequence of a single peptide chain

Answer 15

Genes

Question 16

Formed from a single chains of nucleotides formed from DNA template:
Adenine and uracil, cytosine and guanine

Answer 16

RNA

Question 17

Transcribed from DNA

Answer 17

Messenger RNA (mRNA) via pre-mRNA which requires processing

Question 18

Transports specific amino acids to the site of protein synthesis on ribosomes

Answer 18

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 19

Uses mRNA to arrange amino acids in the proper order to form a protein

Answer 19

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 20

Cytosolic proteins released directly into _________

Secreted proteins released into ____________

Answer 20

Cytosol

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 21

The nucleosides are the base for ________ (DNA, RNA) formation. The _________ are phosphorylated nucleosides. The waste product of nucleoside degradation is ________

Answer 21

Nucleic acids
nucleotides
Uric acid (associated with gout)

Question 22

Center of bilayer is ________, outer side is ________

Answer 22

Hydrophobic

Hydrophilic

Question 23

What are the two types of cell membranes proteins

Answer 23

Integral (penetrate into membrane) or peripheral (associated with membrane surface)

Question 24

Functions of proteins

Answer 24

Function as ion pumps, adhesion molecules, hormone/cytokine receptors, enzymes, transporters

Question 25

Proteins that have carbohydrates attached

Answer 25

(glycoproteins), increases hydrophilicity and affects function

Question 26

Very metabolically active, part of most organelles

Answer 26

plasma membrane, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, mitochondria, nucleus

Question 27

Lysosomes

Answer 27

Formed from Golgi apparatus | Contain multiple lytic enzymes for digestion of organic molecules

Question 28

Name the protein fibers which maintain cell shape, allow movement, facilitate cell polarity, cytosolic transport (Microtubules, microfilaments)

Answer 28

Cytoskeletal proteins

Question 29

Molecular motors

Answer 29

Proteins/organelles which allow movement made of proteins such as actin, myosin, dyenin, kinesin. Form cilia, flagella, muscle contractile elements

Question 30

Allow organ formation and cell interactions

Answer 30

Cell-cell Junctions

Question 31

Tight junctions ______ Desmosome and zona adherens _______ Hemidesmosome helps _______ Gap junctions allow _______

Answer 31

Highest strength Some strength but less than tight junctions adhere to basal lamina small molecule passage

Question 32

Contains chromatin (condensed chromosomes), nucleolus (RNA rich regions

Answer 32

Nucleus

Question 33

Export mRNA for translation

Answer 33

Nuclear membrane continuous with endoplasmic reticulum

Question 34

Membrane tubules with (RER) or without (SER) ribosomes

Answer 34

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 35

Role in steroid synthesis (SER), secreted protein synthesis (RER)

Answer 35

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 36

Occurs via connection of RER with Golgi

Answer 36

Proteins secretion

Question 37

Normal somatic cells are _______, (46 chromosomes = ______chromosome pairs per parent

Answer 37

Diploid | 23

Question 38

Quiescent, non-proliferative, normal state for most cells (diploid, 23 chromosome pairs in humans, i.e., 46 total

Answer 38

G0 phase

Question 39

Initial cell growth, mostly protein and lipid production

Answer 39

G1 phase

Question 40

DNA synthesis occurs to form tetraploid cells (twice as much DNA as normal, enough for 2 cells)

Answer 40

S phase

Question 41

Continued cell growth before division

Answer 41

G2 phase

Question 42

Mitosis, with cell division to 2 diploid cells

Answer 42

M phase

Question 43

Cell proliferation: Meiosis

Answer 43

Gamete (germ cell) division Similar to mitosis through G2 phase but paired chromatids separate to form 4 haploid cells (23 chromosomes total). 2 stages – Miosis 1 and miosis 2