Lesson 10 - Traffic Engineering

Question 1

What is Traffic Engineering?

Answer 1

Traffic engineering is a way to describe how companies deal with a large amount of data flowing through their networks.It is also the process of reconfiguring the network in response to changing traffic loads to achieve some operational goal.

Question 2

What are some of the reasons a network operator may want to use traffic engineering?

Answer 2

• To Maintain Peering Ratios- To Relieve Congestion- To Balance Load Across Links

Question 3

What are some examples of IP self-management?

Answer 3

• TCP Congestion Control- Routing

Question 4

What is the problem with IP self-management?

Answer 4

The network may not run as efficiently as possible?

Question 5

What is the key question that traffic engineering tries to address?

Answer 5

How should routing adapt to traffic?

Question 6

In terms of adapting routing, what does traffic engineering attempt to do?

Answer 6

• avoid congested links- satisfy application requirements

Question 7

How might an operator route traffic off of a congested link?

Answer 7

By increasing the link weight.

Question 8

What are some of the ways that operators set link weights?

Answer 8

• Inversely proportional to capacity- Proportional to propagation delay- Network-wide optimization

Question 9

What are the 3 steps of traffic engineering?

Answer 9

1. Measure - figure out current traffic loads2. Model - of how configuration affects the paths in the network3. Control - reconfigure to control how traffic flows

Question 10

What is the input to the problem of solving Intradomain Traffic Engineering Optimization?

Answer 10

1. Graph G (Routers, Links) and Capacity of Links2. Traffic Matrix Mij - the traffic load from outer i to router j

Question 11

What is the output of the problem of solving Intradomain Traffic Engineering Optimization?

Answer 11

A set of link weights where Wl is the weight on any unidirectional link l.

Question 12

What are some practical solutions to the fact that no algorithm exists to solve the Objective Function of minimizing traffic on all links?

Answer 12

We have to resort to searching through a large combination of link weight settings.While this is sub-optimal, the graphs are often small enough that this approach is reasonably effective.

Question 13

In light of the un-solvable Objective Function, what are some other operational realities that have to be considered when implementing a solution?

Answer 13

• The solution should minimize the number of changes to the network. Often just changing one or two link weights is enough to achieve a good traffic load balance solution.- Solution must be resistant to failure- Should be robust to measurement noise

Question 14

What is the difference between Intra vs Interdomain Routing?

Answer 14

Intradomain: Within a domain (ISP, campus, or datacenter)Interdomain: Between domains

Question 15

How is Interdomain Traffic Engineering implemented?

Answer 15

Through reconfiguration of the BGP (Border Gateway Protocol).

Question 16

What are some goals of Interdomain Traffic Engineering?

Answer 16

• Alleviating congestion on edge links- Using new/upgraded edge links- Changing end-to-end paths

Question 17

What are the goals of effective Interdomain Traffic Engineering?

Answer 17

1. Predictability2. Limit influence of neighboring domains3. Reduce overhead of routing changes

Question 18

What is one way to achieve predictability in Interdomain Traffic Engineering?

Answer 18

Avoid making route changes that are globally visible?

Question 19

What is one way of using Interdomain Traffic Engineering to limit the influence of neighboring domains?

Answer 19

• Treat paths that have almost the same AS path length as a common group to achieve additional flexibility.- Enforce a constraint that neighbors advertise consistent BGP route advertisements over multiple pairing links.

Question 20

How can Interdomain Traffic Engineering be used to reduce the overhead of routing changes?

Answer 20

Group related prefixes. Rather than exploring all combinations of prefixes to move a particular volume of traffic, we can identify routing choices that group routes that have the same AS paths.