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Biology topic 4 > Lesson 1: Transfer of Energy > Flashcards

Lesson 1: Transfer of Energy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the definition of a community?

A

A group of populations living and interacting in a particular area.

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2
Q

what is the definition of ecosystem?

A

A community and its abiotic environment.

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3
Q

what is the definition of abiotic factors?

A

Non-living factors

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4
Q

what is the definition of biotic factors?

A

Living factors

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5
Q

what is the definition of matter?

A

anything that occupies space and has mass.

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6
Q

what is the definition of energy?

A

the ability to do work

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7
Q

what is the definition of producers?

A

an organism that transfers energy from an inorganic compound to an organic compound

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8
Q

what are three organic compounds?

A

carbohydrates, fats and proteins

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9
Q

what is the definition of decomposers?

A

organisms that break down organic remains of other organisms, returning matter from them to the soil and air

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10
Q

what is the definition of a trophic level?

A

the stage of a food chain at which an organism feeds

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11
Q

What are the three types of systems?

A

open, close, isolated

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12
Q

What is an open system?

A

energy and matter can be exchanged with the surroundings.

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13
Q

What is an closed system?

A

energy can be exchanged with the surroundings but not matter

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14
Q

What is an example of a closed ecosystem?

A

mesocosms

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15
Q

what is an isolated system?

A

neither matter nor energy can be exchanged with the surroundings

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16
Q

what is the role of sunlight in ecosystems?

A

Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers which is stored in their tissues is transferred to consumers when they ingest it for cellular activities.

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17
Q

What do food chains show?

A

The feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem

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18
Q

What do the arrows in a food chain represent?

A

the transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next

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19
Q

What do food webs show?

A

how several food chains within an ecosystem are connected.

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20
Q

what is the percentage of energy transferred between each trophic level?

A

10-20%

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21
Q

What can energy loss be due to?

A

heat, growth, inedible parts, death, reproduction, excretion of waste + movement.

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22
Q

Does biomass increase or decrease as we go up the food chain?

A

decrease

23
Q

what is the definition of autotrophs?

A

organisms capable of making their own complex organic molecules from simple compounds

24
Q

what is the definition of heterotrophs?

A

organisms that obtain their organic compounds through feeding on other organisms.

25
Q

What are three examples of autotrophs?

A

most plants, some bacteria + algae

26
Q

What are three examples of heterotrophs?

A

animals, fungi + some bacteria

27
Q

What are photoautotrophs?

A

organisms that use energy from sunlight to synthesise organic compounds

28
Q

what are some three examples of photo-autotrophs?

A

plants, algae + certain bacteria

29
Q

what are chemotrophs?

A

organisms that use chemical energy to make organic compounds

30
Q

what are mixotrophs?

A

organisms that can feed both autotrophically and heterotrophically

31
Q

In what ways can heterotrophs obtain their nutrients?

A
  • ingesting
  • endocytosis: they rely on their host to break down food and then absorb the nutrients through skin/cuticle.
  • release of digestive enzymes to break down food + absorb through skin
32
Q

What is detritus?

A

dead organic material

33
Q

What are detrivores?

A

heterotrophs break down and feed on detritus via internal digestion, recycling nutrients

34
Q

what are saprotrophs?

A

heterotrophs that break down + feed on detritus via external digestion

35
Q

What do pyramids of numbers show?

A

The number of organisms at each trophic level in a food chain

36
Q

What do pyramids of energy show?

A

The energy contained within the biomass of organisms at each trophic level.

37
Q

What is the template unit used in pyramids of energy?

A

energy, per unit are, per year. Example: kJ m⁻² y⁻¹

38
Q

What is the equation used to measure biomass at each trophic level?

A

biomass of individual organisms × number of organisms

39
Q

What is fresh biomass?

A

amount of matter including water

40
Q

What is dry biomass?

A

amount of matter excluding water

41
Q

What are the factors that can affect primary production?

A

temperature, rainfall, soil nutrients and abundance of sunlight

42
Q

What is gross primary production (GPP)?

A

the rate at which chemical energy is converted into carbohydrates

43
Q

What is net primary production (NPP)?

A

the rate at which energy is stored in plant biomas

44
Q

What is the equation for NPP?

A

NPP = GPP - R (respiration losses)

45
Q

What is gross secondary productivity (GSP)?

A

the total energy/biomass assimilated by consumers

46
Q

What is net secondary productivity (NSP)?

A

refers to biomass that remains after accounting for respiratory losses.

47
Q

What is the equation for gross secondary productivity?

A

NSP = GSP - R

48
Q

What is a characteristic of carbon dioxide?

A

Heavier than other atmospheric compounds

49
Q

How is coal formed?

A

If peat is covered by sediments and compressed and heated over millions of years.

50
Q

what are reservoirs/sinks?

A

a place where carbon accumulates

51
Q

What are two examples of reservoirs?

A

fossil fuels and peat

52
Q

what are fluxes in the carbon cycle?

A

the process that moves carbon one reservoir or sink to another

53
Q

What is one example of a flux?

A

combustion

Biology topic 4 (3 decks)

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