Lesson 1: The Muscular System Flashcards
refers to the study of the muscular system.
Myology
an organ system consisting of three different types of muscles: the skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body, maintains postures and circulates blood throughout the body.
Muscular System
Enumerate the 5 Properties of Muscles:
Excitability or Irritability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
Tonicity
Property of Muscles:
- the capacity of muscles to receive and respond to stimulus.
Excitability or Irritability
Property of Muscles:
- the capacity of the muscles to shorten and tighten.
Contractility
Property of Muscles:
- the capacity of the muscles to stretch/extend upon the application of force.
Extensibility
Property of Muscles:
- the ability of the muscle to regain the original shape and size after being stretched.
Elasticity
Property of Muscles:
- the ability of the muscle to steadily contract
Tonicity
Function of Muscles:
- muscles are attached to bones, and as muscle contracts, movement occurs.
Movement or Locomotion
Function of Muscles:
- as muscle contracts, heat is produced (85% body heat is derived from muscle contraction).
Heat Production
Function of Muscles:
- muscles maintain good posture or general attitude of the body.
Posture
Function of Muscles:
- accomplished through contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles.
Alters diameters of tubes and vessels in the body
Function of Muscles:
- muscles protect vital organs like heart and lungs.
Protection of vital organs
Enumerate the TWO major types of muscles according to the type of action:
Voluntary
Involuntary
Type of Action:
- can be made to contract
Voluntary
Type of Action:
- can’t be controlled by the will
Involuntary
Enumerate the THREE types of muscles:
Skeletal Muscles
Cardiac Muscles
Smooth Muscles
are multinucleated structures that compose the skeletal muscle
Skeletal Muscle Fibers
They are attach into the skeleton of the body and make the skeleton move. The best-known feature of this is its ability to contract and cause movement
Skeletal Muscles
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle:
Striated & Voluntary
have one to two nuclei and are physically and electrically connected to each other so that the entire heart contracts as one unit called a syncytium.
Cardiac Muscle Fibers
It is found in the walls of the heart. These muscle cells are also called cardiocytes/heart muscle. Moreover, it has a length of 50-100 μm and diameter of 10-20 μm.
Cardiac Muscles
Characteristics of Cardiac Muscles:
Striated & Involuntary
are small, spindle-shaped, mononucleated with lesser actin and myosin than the skeletal muscle.
Smooth Muscle Fibers
It has a of length of 30-200 μm and a width of 5-10 μm. Primarily located in the walls of small intestines, blood vessels, vagina and stomach
Smooth Muscles
Characteristics of Smooth Muscles:
Non - striated & Involuntary
an organ composed mainly of striated muscle cells and connective tissue
Skeletal Muscle
Each skeletal muscle has three layers of connective tissue called…
Mysia
It is the sheath of dense fibrous connective tissue beneath the skin or around muscle fibers, holds muscle fibers together. There are three connective tissue components that cover a skeletal muscle tissue.
Connective Tissue Coverings or Fascia
Types of Connective Tissue Coverings:
- connective tissue/ fascia surrounding the muscle.
Epimysium
Types of Connective Tissue Coverings:
- connective tissue that extends inward from the epimysium and surrounds/envelops muscle fasciculi/ bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles).
Perimysium
Types of Connective Tissue Coverings:
- connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.
Endomysium
bundles of muscle fibers
Muscle Fascicles
a cord of dense fibrous connective tissue which becomes continuous. It attaches a muscle to the periosteum of a bone.
Tendon
a tendons that take the form of broad, flat layer of thin sheets that attach to the coverings of a bone, another muscle, or the skin.
Aponeuroses
are tubes of fibrous connective tissue that enclose certain tendons, especially those at the wrist and ankle, permitting tendons to slide back and forth more easily.
Tendon Sheaths
It is less movable and generally proximal, more fixed point of attachment, and the attachment of a muscle tendon to the stationary bone.
Origin
It is more movable end and is generally distal to the movable bone.
Insertion
widest portion of a muscle in between the origin and insertion.
Belly or Gaster
Enumerate the FIVE Skeletal Muscle Shapes:
Longitudinal/Parallel
Pennate
Convergent/Radiate
Circular
Fusiform
Skeletal Muscle Shape:
The fasciculi are parallel with the long axis of the muscle and terminate at either end of flat tendons and typically quadrilateral in shape.
Longitudinal / Parallel
e.g. stylohyoid muscle, sartorius muscle
Skeletal Muscle Shape:
The fasciculi are short in relation to the entire length of the muscle and the tendon extends nearly the entire length of the muscle. Moreover, they are directed obliquely toward the tendon like the plumes of a feather
Pennate
Enumerate the THREE types of Pennate:
Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate
Type of Pennate:
- The fasciculi are arranged on only one side of the tendon
Unipennate
e.g. extensor digitorium
Type of Pennate:
- The fascicles arranged obliquely on both sides of a centrally positioned tendon.
Bipennate
e.g. rectus femoris muscle
Type of Pennate:
- The fasciculi have complex arrangement that involves convergence of several tendons.
Multipennate
e.g. deltoid muscle
Skeletal Muscle Shape:
- A broad origin of fasciculi converges to a narrow, restricted insertion and gives the muscle a triangular shape.
Convergent / Radiate
e.g. pectoralis major
Skeletal Muscle Shape:
- The fasciculi are arranged in a circular pattern and enclose an orifice.
Circular
e.g. orbicularis oculi muscle
Skeletal Muscle Shape:
- The fasciculi are nearly parallel with the longitudinal axis and terminate at either end in flat tendons, but the muscle tapers toward the tendons, where the diameter is less than that of the belly
Fusiform
e.g. biceps brachii
- elongated cylindrical cells that lie parallel to one another
- diameter: 10 to 100 μm
- length: 30 μm or more
Muscle Fibers or Myofibers
- plasma membrane, thin membrane that surrounds the muscle fibers
Sarcolemma
- cytoplasm of muscle fiber, multinucleated
- contains enzymes, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and myofibrils
Sarcoplasm
- a network of membrane enclosed tubules comparable to smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- it is where protein and lipids are manufactured, it also transports products within the muscle fiber
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
- dilated sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum
- form ring like channels around myofibrils
Terminal Cisterns
- extensions of sarcolemma that opens to the outside of the muscle fiber
- run transversely through the fiber and perpendicularly to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Transverse Tubules or T-tubules
- consists of transverse tubule and the segments of sarcoplasmic reticulum (terminal cisterns) on either side
Triad
- cylindrical structures 1 to 2 μm in diameter
- consist of two kinds of myofilaments
Myofibrils
Enumerate the TWO kinds of Myofilaments:
Thin myofilaments
Thick myofilaments
- 6 nm in diameter
- composed of three kinds of protein
Thin myofilaments
- 16 nm in diameter
- composed mainly of myosin (shaped like a golf club)
- has two bulbous head
Thick myofilament
Enumerate the proteins of the THIN myofilament:
Tropomyosin
Troponin
Actin
- arranged in strands that are loosely attached to actin
Tropomyosin