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Lesson 1: The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

refers to the study of the muscular system.

A

Myology

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2
Q

an organ system consisting of three different types of muscles: the skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body, maintains postures and circulates blood throughout the body.

A

Muscular System

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3
Q

Enumerate the 5 Properties of Muscles:

A

Excitability or Irritability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
Tonicity

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4
Q

Property of Muscles:
- the capacity of muscles to receive and respond to stimulus.

A

Excitability or Irritability

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5
Q

Property of Muscles:
- the capacity of the muscles to shorten and tighten.

A

Contractility

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6
Q

Property of Muscles:
- the capacity of the muscles to stretch/extend upon the application of force.

A

Extensibility

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7
Q

Property of Muscles:
- the ability of the muscle to regain the original shape and size after being stretched.

A

Elasticity

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8
Q

Property of Muscles:
- the ability of the muscle to steadily contract

A

Tonicity

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9
Q

Function of Muscles:
- muscles are attached to bones, and as muscle contracts, movement occurs.

A

Movement or Locomotion

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10
Q

Function of Muscles:
- as muscle contracts, heat is produced (85% body heat is derived from muscle contraction).

A

Heat Production

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11
Q

Function of Muscles:
- muscles maintain good posture or general attitude of the body.

A

Posture

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12
Q

Function of Muscles:
- accomplished through contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles.

A

Alters diameters of tubes and vessels in the body

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13
Q

Function of Muscles:
- muscles protect vital organs like heart and lungs.

A

Protection of vital organs

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14
Q

Enumerate the TWO major types of muscles according to the type of action:

A

Voluntary
Involuntary

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15
Q

Type of Action:
- can be made to contract

A

Voluntary

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16
Q

Type of Action:
- can’t be controlled by the will

A

Involuntary

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17
Q

Enumerate the THREE types of muscles:

A

Skeletal Muscles
Cardiac Muscles
Smooth Muscles

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18
Q

are multinucleated structures that compose the skeletal muscle

A

Skeletal Muscle Fibers

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19
Q

They are attach into the skeleton of the body and make the skeleton move. The best-known feature of this is its ability to contract and cause movement

A

Skeletal Muscles

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20
Q

Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle:

A

Striated & Voluntary

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21
Q

have one to two nuclei and are physically and electrically connected to each other so that the entire heart contracts as one unit called a syncytium.

A

Cardiac Muscle Fibers

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22
Q

It is found in the walls of the heart. These muscle cells are also called cardiocytes/heart muscle. Moreover, it has a length of 50-100 μm and diameter of 10-20 μm.

A

Cardiac Muscles

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23
Q

Characteristics of Cardiac Muscles:

A

Striated & Involuntary

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24
Q

are small, spindle-shaped, mononucleated with lesser actin and myosin than the skeletal muscle.

A

Smooth Muscle Fibers

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25
Q

It has a of length of 30-200 μm and a width of 5-10 μm. Primarily located in the walls of small intestines, blood vessels, vagina and stomach

A

Smooth Muscles

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26
Q

Characteristics of Smooth Muscles:

A

Non - striated & Involuntary

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27
Q

an organ composed mainly of striated muscle cells and connective tissue

A

Skeletal Muscle

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28
Q

Each skeletal muscle has three layers of connective tissue called…

A

Mysia

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29
Q

It is the sheath of dense fibrous connective tissue beneath the skin or around muscle fibers, holds muscle fibers together. There are three connective tissue components that cover a skeletal muscle tissue.

A

Connective Tissue Coverings or Fascia

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30
Q

Types of Connective Tissue Coverings:
- connective tissue/ fascia surrounding the muscle.

A

Epimysium

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31
Q

Types of Connective Tissue Coverings:
- connective tissue that extends inward from the epimysium and surrounds/envelops muscle fasciculi/ bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles).

A

Perimysium

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32
Q

Types of Connective Tissue Coverings:
- connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.

A

Endomysium

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33
Q

bundles of muscle fibers

A

Muscle Fascicles

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34
Q

a cord of dense fibrous connective tissue which becomes continuous. It attaches a muscle to the periosteum of a bone.

A

Tendon

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35
Q

a tendons that take the form of broad, flat layer of thin sheets that attach to the coverings of a bone, another muscle, or the skin.

A

Aponeuroses

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36
Q

are tubes of fibrous connective tissue that enclose certain tendons, especially those at the wrist and ankle, permitting tendons to slide back and forth more easily.

A

Tendon Sheaths

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37
Q

It is less movable and generally proximal, more fixed point of attachment, and the attachment of a muscle tendon to the stationary bone.

A

Origin

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38
Q

It is more movable end and is generally distal to the movable bone.

A

Insertion

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39
Q

widest portion of a muscle in between the origin and insertion.

A

Belly or Gaster

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40
Q

Enumerate the FIVE Skeletal Muscle Shapes:

A

Longitudinal/Parallel
Pennate
Convergent/Radiate
Circular
Fusiform

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41
Q

Skeletal Muscle Shape:
The fasciculi are parallel with the long axis of the muscle and terminate at either end of flat tendons and typically quadrilateral in shape.

A

Longitudinal / Parallel
e.g. stylohyoid muscle, sartorius muscle

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41
Q

Skeletal Muscle Shape:
The fasciculi are short in relation to the entire length of the muscle and the tendon extends nearly the entire length of the muscle. Moreover, they are directed obliquely toward the tendon like the plumes of a feather

A

Pennate

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42
Q

Enumerate the THREE types of Pennate:

A

Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate

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43
Q

Type of Pennate:
- The fasciculi are arranged on only one side of the tendon

A

Unipennate
e.g. extensor digitorium

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44
Q

Type of Pennate:
- The fascicles arranged obliquely on both sides of a centrally positioned tendon.

A

Bipennate
e.g. rectus femoris muscle

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45
Q

Type of Pennate:
- The fasciculi have complex arrangement that involves convergence of several tendons.

A

Multipennate
e.g. deltoid muscle

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46
Q

Skeletal Muscle Shape:
- A broad origin of fasciculi converges to a narrow, restricted insertion and gives the muscle a triangular shape.

A

Convergent / Radiate
e.g. pectoralis major

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47
Q

Skeletal Muscle Shape:
- The fasciculi are arranged in a circular pattern and enclose an orifice.

A

Circular
e.g. orbicularis oculi muscle

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48
Q

Skeletal Muscle Shape:
- The fasciculi are nearly parallel with the longitudinal axis and terminate at either end in flat tendons, but the muscle tapers toward the tendons, where the diameter is less than that of the belly

A

Fusiform
e.g. biceps brachii

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49
Q
  • elongated cylindrical cells that lie parallel to one another
  • diameter: 10 to 100 μm
  • length: 30 μm or more
A

Muscle Fibers or Myofibers

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50
Q
  • plasma membrane, thin membrane that surrounds the muscle fibers
A

Sarcolemma

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51
Q
  • cytoplasm of muscle fiber, multinucleated
  • contains enzymes, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and myofibrils
A

Sarcoplasm

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52
Q
  • a network of membrane enclosed tubules comparable to smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • it is where protein and lipids are manufactured, it also transports products within the muscle fiber
A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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53
Q
  • dilated sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • form ring like channels around myofibrils
A

Terminal Cisterns

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54
Q
  • extensions of sarcolemma that opens to the outside of the muscle fiber
  • run transversely through the fiber and perpendicularly to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
A

Transverse Tubules or T-tubules

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55
Q
  • consists of transverse tubule and the segments of sarcoplasmic reticulum (terminal cisterns) on either side
A

Triad

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56
Q
  • cylindrical structures 1 to 2 μm in diameter
  • consist of two kinds of myofilaments
A

Myofibrils

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57
Q

Enumerate the TWO kinds of Myofilaments:

A

Thin myofilaments
Thick myofilaments

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58
Q
  • 6 nm in diameter
  • composed of three kinds of protein
A

Thin myofilaments

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59
Q
  • 16 nm in diameter
  • composed mainly of myosin (shaped like a golf club)
  • has two bulbous head
A

Thick myofilament

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60
Q

Enumerate the proteins of the THIN myofilament:

A

Tropomyosin
Troponin
Actin

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61
Q
  • arranged in strands that are loosely attached to actin
A

Tropomyosin

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62
Q
  • located at regular intervals on the surface of tropomyosin
  • has 3 subunits:
    I – binds with actin
    C – binds with calcium
    T – binds with tropomyosin
63
Q
  • the head of each myosin filament attach to the actin myofilament
  • arranged in 2 single strands (double helix)
  • contains myosin-binding site that interacts with a cross bridge of a myosin molecule
64
Q

the main component of thick myofilament

65
Q
  • contain the actin-binding site and an ATP binding site
A

Cross Bridges

66
Q
  • structural and functional unit of muscles
  • fundamental unit of muscular contraction
  • compartments where myofilaments of myofibrils are arranged
A

Sarcomeres

67
Q

Band of Myofilament:
- light-colored, less dense area, composed of thin myofilaments only

A

I-Band or Isotropic

68
Q

the alternating dark A bands and the light I bands gives the muscle fiber its…

A

striated appearance

69
Q

Band of Myofilament:
- represents the length of thick myofilaments
- the sides are darkened by the overlapping of the thick and thin myofilaments

A

A-Band or Anisotropic

70
Q

Band of Myofilament:
- narrow zones of dense material that separates sarcomeres from one another

A

Z-line or Zuriachen

71
Q

Region of A-Band:
- narrow region in the center of A-Band, contains thick myofilaments only

72
Q

Region of A-Band:
- located in the center of the H-zone
- series of fine threads that appear to connect the middle parts of adjacent thick myofilaments

73
Q

Region of A-Band:
- where thick myofilaments at either end of the sarcomere overlap

A

Zone of Overlap

74
Q
  • storehouse of the cell
A

Mitochondria

75
Q
  • sliding of myofilaments and shortening of sarcomeres causes the shortening of the muscle fibers
A

Sliding Filament Theory

76
Q
  • states that muscles either contract with all force possible under existing conditions or do not contract at all
A

All-or-None Principle

77
Q
  • neuron that stiimulates muscle contraction
  • deliver stimulus to muscle tissue
A

Motor Neuron

78
Q
  • refers to the axon terminal of a motor neuron together with the motor end plate
A

Neuromuscular Junction or Myoneural Junction

79
Q
  • the region of the sarcolemma adjacent to the axon terminal
A

Motor End Plate

80
Q
  • membrane enclosed sacs contained in synaptic end bulbs
  • store chemicals called neurotransmitters including acetylcholine
A

Synaptic Vesicles

80
Q
  • expanded bulblike structures of the distal ends of the axon terminals
A

Synaptic End Bulbs

81
Q
  • neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscles
A

Acetylcholine

82
Q
  • invaginate area of the sarcolemma under the axon terminal
A

Synaptic Gutter

83
Q
  • space between the sarcolemma under the axon terminal
A

Synaptic Cleft

84
Q
  • numerous folds of the sarcolemma along the synaptic gutter
A

Subneural Clefts

85
Q
  • composed of motor neuron together with all the muscle fibers it stimulates
  • single motor neuron may innervate about 150 muscle fibers, depending on the region of the body
A

Motor Unit

86
Q

Acetylcholine is rapidly destroyed by an enzyme called…

A

Acetylcholinesterase

87
Q

Specific Changes During Contraction:
- Sliding-Filament Theory
- for muscle contraction to occur, troponin undergoes structural change when bound with calcium ions  troponin and tropomysin move into a groove between actin strands  myosin binding sites of actin are exposed  myofilaments attach each other  release of energy

A

Structural Change

88
Q

Specific Changes During Contraction:
- in a resting state, muscle cell is negatively charged inside while the outer part is positively charged.
- potassium ions are higher inside the cell, sodium ions are higher outside the cell
- sodium ions move across the cell membrane due to increase in sodium permeability of the cell wall  depolarization of muscle cells  contraction of muscle

A

Electrical Change

89
Q

the period of lost excitability

A

Refractory Period

90
Q
  • period when muscle cannot be stimulated
A

Absolute Refractory Period

91
Q
  • period when a stronger stimulus cause excitation
A

Relative Refractory Period

92
Q
  • a time when the cell is highly excitable that stimulus of minimal threshold can cause excitation
A

Supra normal

93
Q

Enumerate the THREE Phases of Contraction:

A

Lag Phase
Contraction Phase
Relaxation Phase

94
Q

Phase of Contraction:
- brief period between the application of stimulus to the beginning of contraction
- calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the onset of myosin cross bridge activity

95
Q

Phase of Contraction:
- upward tracing
- caused by cross bridge activity

A

Contraction Phase

96
Q

Phase of Contraction:
- indicated by downward tracing
- caused by the active transport of calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Relaxation Phase

97
Q

Enumerate the THREE types of Stimuli:

A

Liminal (threshold) stimulus
Subliminal (sub-threshold) stimulus
Maximal

98
Q

Type of Stimuli:
- weakest stimulus from a neuron but it has to be stronger enough to cause contraction
- the lowest limit of stimulus to perception or sensation

A

Liminal (threshold) stimulus

99
Q

Type of Stimuli:
- the stimulus is lesser in intensity that does not reach the patient’s consciousness; cannot initiate contraction

A

Subliminal (sub-threshold) stimulus

100
Q

Type of Stimuli:
- all motor units are excited with only single stimulus.

101
Q
  • heat release during actual contraction process and combination of 3 events of the contraction
A

Initial Heat

102
Q
  • heat is produced from the breakdown of ATP to ADP and AMP
A

Heat of Activation

103
Q
  • heat is deliberated when there is a change in the length of muscle
A

Heat of Shortening

104
Q
  • heat is produced when contracted muscle relaxes
A

Heat of Relaxation

105
Q

ENUMERATE THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE STRENGTH/HEIGHT OF CONTRACTION:

A

Strength of Stimulus
Speed of Stimulus
Weight of Load
Duration
Summation or Summatotal

106
Q

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE STRENGTH/HEIGHT OF CONTRACTION:
- the stronger the stimulus, the stronger also is the contraction

A

Strength of Stimulus

107
Q

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE STRENGTH/HEIGHT OF CONTRACTION:
- the faster the speed of stimulus, the faster is the initiation of contraction of muscles

A

Speed of Stimulus

108
Q

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE STRENGTH/HEIGHT OF CONTRACTION:
- the heavier the load, the stronger is the contraction

A

Weight of Load

109
Q

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE STRENGTH/HEIGHT OF CONTRACTION:
- the longer the stimulus to stay, the longer the contraction

110
Q

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE STRENGTH/HEIGHT OF CONTRACTION:
- if two maximal stimuli are delivered in quick succession there is an increase of muscular contraction

A

Summation or Summatotal

111
Q

composed of phosphocreatine and ATP

A

Phosphagen System

112
Q
  • short-lived molecule which rapidly degenerates to a more stable ADP, used to provide energy for muscle contraction
113
Q
  • a product of CHON metabolism
  • maintains adequate amounts of ATP
A

Phosphocreatine

114
Q
  • metabolic process by which glycogen or glucose from the blood is broken down to pyruvic acid – the process results in the synthesis of ATP.
A

Glycolysis

115
Q
  • occurs in the absence of oxygen
  • oocurs in the breakdown of glucose to yield ATP and lactic acid
A

Anaerobic Process

116
Q
  • requires oxygen and breaks down glucose by glycolysis
  • produces ATP, CO2 and H2O.
A

Aerobic System

117
Q

Kind of Muscle Contraction:
- does not produce movement but increases firmness of muscle that maintains posture
- characterized by a continuous muscular contraction

118
Q

Kind of Muscle Contraction:
- responsible for movements of arms and legs
- the amount of tension produced by muscle is constant during contraction but the length of the muscle shortens

119
Q

Kind of Muscle Contraction:
- length of muscle does not change but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process.

120
Q

Kind of Muscle Contraction:
- contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes an action potential in one or more muscle fibers.

121
Q

Kind of Muscle Contraction:
- smooth, sustained contraction produced by a series of very rapid stimuli to a muscle

122
Q

Kind of Muscle Contraction:
- a staircase effect or phenomenon
- gradual increase in the amount of contraction by a muscle caused by rapid repeated stimuli of the same strength

123
Q

Kind of Muscle Contraction:
-cardiac arrhythmia in which muscles of the heart function irregularly
- involuntary brief twitch of a muscle that is not visible under the skin and is not associated with the movement of the affected muscle

A

Fribrillation

124
Q

Kind of Muscle Contraction:
- a violent, involuntary contraction of the entire muscle group

A

Convulsion

125
Q

Kind of Tetatus:
- a rapid stimulation occurs in which tension produced will rise to a peak and a period of relaxation will be very short to brief.

A

Incomplete

126
Q

Kind of Tetatus:
- the frequency of stimulation is so high that the relaxation phase has been completely eliminated.

127
Q
  • prime mover
  • plays the major role in accomplishing a particular movement
128
Q
  • acts against the prime movers
A

Antagonist

129
Q
  • muscles that work together to cause a movement
  • enables the prime movers to perform smoothly and efficiently
A

Synergists

130
Q
  • muscle which steadies the bone which gives the action of the prime movers so that insertion will move
  • stabilizes the origin of the prime movers
131
Q
  • muscle that bends a limb at a join
132
Q
  • muscle that straightens/extends a limb at a joint
133
Q
  • muscle that moves a limb away from the midline of the body
134
Q
  • muscle that moves a limb toward the midline
135
Q
  • muscle that lowers or depresses a part
136
Q
  • muscle which lifts a body part
137
Q
  • muscle that moves/turns the palm of the hand upward
138
Q
  • muscle that moves/turns the palm downward
139
Q
  • muscle surrounding an opening, acts as a valve
140
Q
  • muscle that can straighten/stretch a limb, makes body part more rigid
141
Q
  • muscle which can turn about an axis
142
Q
  • an abnormal congenital condition characterized by progressive symmetric wasting of the leg and pelvic muscles
  • it is an X-linked recessive disease that appears insidiously between 3 and 5 years of age and spreads from the leg and pelvic muscles to the involuntary muscles
A

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

143
Q
  • decrease in muscle size as a result of disuse/immobility
A

Muscular atrophy

144
Q
  • chronic, progressive degenerative disease resulting from the destruction of acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction
  • usually begins in the face
  • characterized by weakness but not accompanied by atrophy
A

Myasthenia gravis

145
Q
  • painful spastic muscle contraction resulting from irritation within the muscle
146
Q
  • sudden involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle/ brief period of complete tetannus
  • types: a. Tonic – if continuous/persistent
    b. Clonic – if there is an alternate contraction and
    relaxation
147
Q
  • strong involuntary contraction of the entire muscle group
A

Convulsion

148
Q
  • shortening of muscle cells or muscle fibers
A

Contracture

149
Q
  • loss of muscle tone wherein the muscle appears soft and flabby
A

Flaccidity

150
Q
  • an increase in size of individual muscle cells due to chronic stimulation and use
A

Hypertrophy

151
Q
  • increase in number of muscle cells
A

Hyperplasia

152
Q
  • inflammation of muscle tissue
153
Q
  • muscle pain
154
Q
  • inflammation of the surrounding connective tissues of the muscle
A

Fibrositis

155
Q
  • tear or break in the ligaments in tendons

Muscular System (1 decks)

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