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General Zoology Lecture > Lesson 1: The Chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

Lesson 1: The Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

A

Matter

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2
Q

Simplest form of matter. Substance that cannot be broken down into two or more different substances.

A

Element

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3
Q

How many elements are there in the human body?

A

21

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4
Q

What are the four main building blocks that is 96% of the human body?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
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5
Q

How many essential minerals are in the human body?

A

8

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6
Q

How many trace elements are in the human body?

A

9

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7
Q

How many essential elements are there in animals and plants?

A

15

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8
Q

What are the 6 common elements present in all living things that are important for life?

A

CHONPS

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9
Q

What is carbohydrates composed of?

A

CHO

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9
Q

What is lipids composed of?

A

CHO

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9
Q

What is proteins composed of?

A

CHON

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10
Q

What is nucleic acids composed of?

A

CHONP

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11
Q

Atoms of two or more elements joined to form a chemical combination.

A

Compounds

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12
Q

What are the organic compounds in the body?

A

CHON

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13
Q

What are the inorganic compounds in the body?

A

Water and salts

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14
Q

It is the basic building blocks of matter and all organisms are composed of this.

A

Atoms

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14
Q

This is the positively charged subatomic particle.

A

Protons

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15
Q

What are the atom’s subatomic particles?

A

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

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15
Q

This is the neutral subatomic particle.

A

Neutrons

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15
Q

This is the negatively charged subatomic particle.

A

Electrons

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16
Q

It shows the number of protons in atom’s nucleus and identifies the kind of elements.

A

Atomic number

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17
Q

It is the mass of a single atom.

A

Atomic mass

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18
Q

How to compute for the atomic mass?

A

Protons + Neutrons

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19
Q

This is the mass of all subatomic particles of an element.

A

Atomic weight

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20
Q

If a chemist is given a problem, they need the ___ the most to solve the problem.

A

Atomic number

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21
Q

The energy levels is equal to the ___.

A

electron shells

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22
Q

The total number of electrons is equal to the total number of ___ in a stable atom.

A

protons

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23
Q

The electron forms a ___ around the nucleus.

A

cloud

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24
Q

They have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. They also have the same atomic number and properties but different atomic mass.

A

Isotopes

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25
Q

It is considered as a molecule because it has molecular compounds. It is also a compound because it has two atoms formed by two different elements.

A

Water

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25
Q

All compounds are ___ but not all molecules are compounds.

A

molecules

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26
Q

What are the three types of bonds?

A
  1. Ionic Bond
  2. Covalent Bond
  3. Hydrogen Bond
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27
Q

Transfer of electrons. Strong electrostatic force that binds positive and negative charged ions.

A

Ionic Bond

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28
Q

Sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

A

Covalent Bond

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29
Q

This type of bond is much weaker than ionic or covalent bond. It results from the unequal charge distribution on molecules.

A

Hydrogen Bond

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30
Q

It is displayed in an equation. Reactants are on the left and products are on the right.

A

Chemical Reaction

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31
Q

In a chemical equation, equations must be ___ with the same number of atoms on both sides.

A

balanced

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32
Q

It is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level and provides energy to the cells.

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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33
Q

It is the combining of two or more substances; formation of new chemical bonds. (EX. A + B = AB)

A

Synthesis Reaction

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33
Q

What are the 3 chemical reactions in human or animal physiology?

A
  1. Synthesis Reaction
  2. Decomposition Reaction
  3. Exchange Reaction
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33
Q

It is the breaking down of a substance to a two or more simpler substances.
(EX. AB= A + B)

A

Decomposition Reaction

34
Q

This is all the chemical reactions that occur in the body cells.

A

Metabolism

34
Q

It is the decomposition of two substances and in exchange, a synthesis of two new compounds. (EX. AB + CD = AD+CB)

A

Exchange Reaction

35
Q

Breaking down of complex compounds into simpler ones and releases energy. (EX. hydrolysis, glycolysis)

A

Catabolism

36
Q

___ molecules contains carbon, specifically a C-C or C-H bond.

A

Organic

36
Q

Building up or joining of simple molecules to form more complex molecules

A

Anabolism

37
Q

___ molecules only handful have carbon atoms and none contains C-C or C-H bonds.

A

Inorganic

38
Q

It’s the body’s most abundant and important compound.

A

Water

39
Q

What are the properties of water?

A
  1. Polarity
  2. The solvent allows transportation of essential minerals throughout the body
  3. High specific heat
  4. High heat of vaporization
40
Q

Allows water to act as an effective solvent, ionizes substances in solution and leads to hydrogen bodning.

A

Polarity

41
Q

It makes the water more cohesive.

A

Hydrogen bonds

42
Q

Ability of same particles/matters/substances to stick to one another.

A

Cohesion

42
Q

Ability of different particles/matters/substances to stick to one another.

A

Adhesion

43
Q

Created by the cohesiveness of water and minimizes surface area, allowing some insects to move on water.

A

Surface tension

44
Q

Water can gain and lose large amounts of heat with little change in its own temperature; enables body to maintain a relatively constant temperature.

A

High specific heat

45
Q

Water requires absorption of significant amounts of heat to change from water from a liquid to a gas, allowing the body to dissipate excess heat.

A

High heat of vaporization

46
Q

They are closely related to cellular respiration.

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

47
Q

It’s required to complete decomposition reactions necessary for the release of energy in the body. It’s also the byproduct of plants and used by animals and humans for cellular respiration.

A

Oxygen

48
Q

It’s produced as a waste product, also helps maintain the appropriate acid-base balance in the body. Utilized by plants for photosynthesis.

A

Carbon dioxide

49
Q

Large group of inorganic compounds, which includes acids, bases, and salts. Substances that disassociate in solution to form ions. They are also substances that can conduct electric current when dissolved into water.

A

Electrolytes

49
Q

They are mostly dissolved in water. (EX. K. Mg, PO4, SO4, Na, Cl, and bicarbonates)

A

Ions

50
Q

Positively charged ions are ___.

A

Cations

51
Q

Negatively charged ions are ___.

A

Anions

52
Q

A common and important chemical substances that are chemical opposites.

A

Acids and bases

53
Q

Any substance that releases and hydogen ion (H+) when in a solution, “proton donor,” Ph level is less than 7.

A

Acids

54
Q

The level of ___ of acids depends on the number of hydrogen ions it will release.

A

acidity

55
Q

What are the 4 major organic compounds (macromecules) that are important to humans and animals?

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

55
Q

Electrolytes that disassociate to yield hydroxide ions (OH-) or other electrolytes that combine with hydrogen ions. Described as “proton acceptors.”

A

Bases

56
Q

What are the 3 main carbohydrates?

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Disaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
57
Q

Simple sugars with short carbon chains

A

Monosaccharides

58
Q

Those with six carbons are ___. An example is glucose.

A

hexoses

58
Q

Those with five carbons are ___. An example is ribose and deoxyribose.

A

pentose

58
Q

Two simple sugars that are bonded together through a synthesis reaction (dehydration synthesis).

A

Disaccharides

59
Q

More than two sugars that are bonded together through a synthesis reaction (dehydration synthesis). It has 100+ sugars or glycolic bonding.

A

Polysaccharides

60
Q

It has 3-15 sugars or glycolic bonding.

A

Oligosaccharides

61
Q

It is the stored sugar in the liver. It’s broken down into glucose during hunger or starvation for energy and ATP.

A

Glycogen

62
Q

Most abundant organic compounds and major workers of the body and has chainlike polymers.

A

Proteins

63
Q

Amino acids are categorized to ___ and ___.

A

essential, non-essential

63
Q

What is the monomers or building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

64
Q

Enumarate all non-essential amino acids.

How many amino acids are non-essential and can be produced by the human body?

A

11

  1. Alanine
  2. Arginine
  3. Asparagine
  4. Cysteine
  5. Glutamine
  6. Glycine
  7. Proline
  8. Serine
  9. Tyrosine
  10. Aspartic acid
  11. Glutamic acid
64
Q

Enumarate all essential amino acids.

How many amino acids are essential and cannot be produced by the human body?

A

9

  1. Histidine
  2. Isoleucine
  3. Leucine
  4. Lysine
  5. Methionine
  6. Phenylalanine
  7. Threonine
  8. Tryptophan
  9. Valine
65
Q

Water insoluble organic molecules that are critically important biological molecules. They are harder to burn than acids.

A

Lipids

65
Q

The structure of ___ is a C atom, amino group, an H atom, and a side chain.

A

amino acid

66
Q

The major roles of ___ are source of energy, structural role, and integral parts of cell membrane.

A

lipids

67
Q

The building blocks of ___ are glycerol (the same for each molecule) and 3 fatty acids (different for each fat and they determine its chemical nature).

A

trigylcerides

67
Q

The most abundant lipids and most concentrated source of energy.

A

Triglycerides or fats

68
Q

This is the bending and helps in categorizing saturated and unsaturated fatty acids caused by double bonds. It also contributes to the semi-permeability of the cell.

A

Kinks

69
Q

What are the types of fatty acids?

A

Saturated and unsaturated

70
Q

A type of fatty acid where all available bonds are filled and is solid at room temperature.

A

Saturated

71
Q

A type of fatty acid where it has one or more double bonds and is liquid at room temperature. It is better than saturated acid because it has kinks that contribute to the semi-permeability of the cell.

A

Unsaturated

72
Q

Fat compounds similar to triglyceride. Its one end is water soluble (hydrophilic) and the other is fat-soluble (hydrophobic). They also form double layers called bilayers that make up cell membranes.

A

Phospholipids

73
Q

Its main component is steroid nucleus.

A

Steroids

74
Q

This lipid is involved in many structural and functional roles. They are usually materials that are insoluble and don’t resemble lipids because they have fused rings.

A

Steroids

75
Q

This is the most common steroid. It is precursor to hormones like testosterone, progesterone, estrogen, etc.

A

Cholesterol

75
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acid?

A

DNA and RNA

75
Q

What are the monomers or building blocks of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

76
Q

A nucleic acid that is double-helix and its pentose sugar is deoxyribose.

A

Deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA)

77
Q

A nucleic acid that is single-helix and its pentose sugar is ribose.

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

77
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA?

A

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)

78
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases of RNA?

A

Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)

78
Q

Some ___ molecules are temporary copies of segments (genes) of the DNA code and are involved in synthesizing proteins. They are also regulatory, acting as enzymes (ribosomes) or silencing gene expression (RNA interference).

A

RNA

General Zoology Lecture (2 decks)

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