Lesson 1 - Stimuli And Responses Flashcards
State 4 functions of the human nervous system
1) detects stimuli
2) sends information in the form of impulses
3) interpretes impulses
4) produces appropriate responses
State 4 functions of the human nervous system
1) detects stimuli
2) sends information in the form of impulses
3) interpretes impulses
4) produces appropriate responses
State 3 parts of the human brain
1) Cerebrum
2) Cerebellum
3) Medulla oblongata (brain stem)
Stimulus–>affector–>cerebrum–>effector–>response
Which actions does the pathway of impulses above occur in?
Voluntary actions
Stimulus–>affector–>Medulla oblongata–>effector–>response
Which actions does the pathway above occur in?
Involuntary actions
State 3 examples of voluntary actions
1) Writing
2) cooking
3) eating
Or any appropriate answer
State 3 examples of involuntary actions
1) heartbeat
2) breathing
3) Peristalsis
4) secretion of saliva
Alina withdraws her hands when she accidentally touches a hot pot.
Identify the actions.
Reflex actions
State 2 main parts of the human nervous system
1) Central Nervous System
2) Peripheral Nervous System
What happens if a person has brain injury ?
1) brain injury may cause the person loss of control over both voluntary and involuntary actions.
2) brain injury can cause disruption of normal pathways of processing stimuli and executing responses , both voluntary and involuntary.
3) brain injury can cause a person to become temporarily , partially or completely paralysed.
State five sensory organs.
1) eyes
2) ear
3) nose
4) tongue
5) skin
Transparent and elastic convex lens which focuses light onto the retina.
Which part of the human eye is responsible for this function ?
Eye lens
Part of retina which is not sensitive to light as there are no photoreceptor and an exit point for all optic nerve fibres.
Which part of the human eye is responsible the function above ?
Blind spot
Strong layer that maintains the shape of the eye and protects it
Which part of the human eye is responsible for the function above ?
Sclera
Layer containing photoreceptors which detects light and produces nerve impulses
Which part of the human eye is responsible for the function above ?
Retina
State the function of pupil in human eye
Opening in the centre of the iris which controls the quantity of light entering the eye
State the function of suspensory ligaments
Strong fibres which hold the eye lens in its position
State 2 types of photoreceptor in retina
1) rod cells (sensitive to different light intensities)
2) cone cells (sensitive to the colour of light under bright conditions)
State 3 parts of ear
1) outer ear
2) middle ear
3) inner ear
What is the function of Cochlea in the structure of ear ?
Detects and converts sound vibrations into nerve impulses
What is the function of Eustachian tube ?
Balances the air pressure on both sides of the eardrum
Which part of the ear can be injured by high volume of sound ?
Cochlea
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
__________ are located at the roof of the nasal cavity
Sensory cells for smell
Sarina suddenly sneezes and notices a clear liquid coming from her nose. State the name and role of the liquid.
The liquid is mucus.
The function of mucus is helps to trap irritants and keeping the airways moist and protecting the respiratory system.
State 5 types of basic tastes of tongue
1) sweet
2) sour
3) bitter
4) salty
5) umami
There are tiny nodules known as _____________ on the surface of the tongue
papilae
State 5 types of receptors found in the skin
1) touch receptor
2) heat receptor
3) pain receptor
4) cold receptor
5) Pressure receptor
The human skin is made up of a thin outer layer known as ________
Epidermis
What is the sensory largest organ in the human body
Skin
State the pathway of mechanism of hearing .
Source of sound –> earlobe –> ear canal –> eardrum –> ossicle bones –> oval window –> Cochlea–> auditory nerve –> brain –> sound is interpreted
State 5 devices to overcome limitations of sight
1) binoculars
2) light microscope
3) x-Ray machine
4) ultrasound machine
5) scanning electronic microscope
State 1 function for telescope
To observe objects distant objects by collecting and magnifying light.
State 2 changes in part of human eye when focusing on distant objects ?
1) ciliary muscles relax
2) lens becomes thinner
State 2 changes in parts of human eye when focusing on near objects
1) ciliary muscles contract
2) lens becomes thicker
State 4 common vision defects
1) short-sightedness
2) long-sightedness
3) astigmatism
4) colour blindness
Distinguish between short-sightedness and long-sightedness
Condition of eyes
1)short-sightedness
- unable to see/focus on distant objects
2)long-sightedness
- unable to see/focus on near objects
Causes
1)short-sightedness
- the eye lens is too thick
2)long-sightedness
- the eye lens is too thin
Focus
1)short-sightedness
- light from distant objects is focused in front of the retina
2)long-sightedness
- light from near objects is focused behind the retina
How short-sightedness can be corrected ?
By using concave lens
How astigmatism can be corrected?
By using cylindrical lenses
What is the range of human limitations of hearing ?
20 Hz - 20 000 Hz
What is the function of stethoscope ?
To amplify internal sounds in the body to detect abnormalities such as heartbeat .
To helps us to listen to the heartbeat.
Can colour blindness be corrected ? Explain why .
No.
This is because colour blindness is hereditary.
State three types of stimuli in plants
1) light
2) gravity
3) water
Info some plants also respond to stimuli like touch , temperature and chemical substances.
State two types of responses to stimuli
1) tropism
2) nastic movement
What is the definition of tropism ?
A directional response of plants to stimuli coming from a certain direction
When plants grow towards a stimulus , it is called __________
Positive tropism
State 4 examples of tropism
1) phototropism
2) geotropism
3) hydrotropism
4) thigmotropism
What is the definition of geotropism? Explain which parts of positive geotropism in response to light.
The roots of plants show positive geotropism because they grow towards the direction of the gravity.
Give one example of thigmotropism plant
1) cucumber plant
What is the definition of nastic movement?
Nastic movement is the response towards a stimulus such as touch but does not depend on the direction of stimulus.
State two examples of nastic movement plant
1) Mimosa plant
2) Venus flytrap (carnivorous plant)
State 2 visions of responses in animal
1) stereoscopic visions
2) monocular visions
State 3 differences between stereoscopic and monocular visions
1) stereoscopic vision
- both eyes located in front of the head
- a narrow field of vision
- humans and most predators have stereoscopic vision
2) monocular vision
- both eyes located at the sides of the head
- a wide field of vision
- most prey have monocular vision
What is stereophonic hearing ?
The ability to hear with both ears.
State the importance of stereophonic hearing
To determine the direction of the source of sound accurately.
To determine the location of a source of a sound
State a frequency of hearing range for dolphin.
40 Hz - 100 000 Hz
Uses the whiskers to detect prey , predators and surrounding conditions. What animal fits the response given ?
1) cat
2) dog
3) seal
The Jacobson organ is located at the upper part of the oral cavity. Contains ducts that are connected to the mouth and nose. Used to detect pheromones produced by other animals. What animal fits the response given ?
1) snakes
2) lizards
3) cat
