Lesson 1 (PRELIMS) Flashcards by Justine RRT

The word magnetism is derived from the Greek work _____ from region Magnesia, known present name is _____, found by a shepherd at around _____ BC. He was walking on the mountains and suddenly he was drawn to the earth by the tracks in his sandals. Investigating the cause, he discovered lodestone according to _____, he could magnetize metal by rubbing lodestone on it.

Magnes
Manisa
1000
Pliny The Elder

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Any material or object that produces a magnetic field, which is a force field that can attract or repel other materials. _____ can be either _____, like magnetite, or _____, such as the ones used in electronics, motors, and compasses. When a material becomes magnetized, its atoms align in a way that creates this _____.

Magnet
Natural
Man made
Magnetic field

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Historical Development: Made the first experiment in _____

Hans Christian Ørsted 1820

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Historical Development: Coined the term NMR

Isidor Isaac Rabi - 1930s

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Historical Development: He noticed that a _____ (which normally aligns with Earth’s magnetic field) deflected when placed near a wire carrying an electric current. This observation revealed that an electric current produces a magnetic field around the wire. _____ discovery was the first clear link between electricity and magnetism, laying the foundation for the field of _____.

Compass needle
Ørsted’s
Electromagnetism

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Historical Development: There is a simple relation between _____, _____ and _____ of radio waves. For every type of atom nucleuses, there is a constant number which detecting the amplitude of radio waves after application of magnetic field. His work led to the development of ______

Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell 1946
Resonance, magnetic field strength and frequency
NMR spectroscopy

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Historical Development: Developed a method to measure the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei, laying the groundwork for _____

Isidor Isaac Rabi - 1930s
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

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Historical Development: Isidor Isaac Rabi - 1930s rewarded in Nobel Physics Prize in _____

1944

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Historical Development: _____ continued extensive studies with the ______, thereby laying the groundwork for later developments that led to MRI

Bloch
NMR of water

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Historical Development: Felix Block and Edward Purcell 1946 Rewarded with Nobel Physics Prize in _____

1952

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Historical Development: _____ produced a crude NMR image of a rat tumor in _____ and the first body image in _____. That image took almost _____ hours to produce.

Raymond Damadian 1960s to 1970s
1974
1977
4

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Historical Development: Showed that malignant tissue has a different NMR spectrum from normal tissue while working with NMR spectroscopy

Raymond Damadian 1960s to 1970s

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Historical Development: _____ and his collegues at _____ built the first whole-body MRI system, “_____”, had a field strength of only_____ T.

Raymond Damadian 1960s to 1970s
FONAR
Indomitable
~0.05 T

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Historical Development: The Father of MRI

Raymond Damadian 1960s to 1970s

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Historical Development: Indomitable did produce the worlds first MR images of the human. By collecting data from _____, one voxel at a time (a four hour scan), the image was crude, but clearly showed the _____, ______ and the _____.

Raymond Damadian 1960s to 1970s
106 voxels
Heart, lungs, and the walls of the chest cavity

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Historical Development: Proposed the concept of using _____ to create _____-dimensional images.

Paul C. Lauterbur 1973
magnetic field gradients
two

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Historical Development: _____ (Gx, Gy, Gz) to pick up and excite a particular section of human body in three dimension then broadcast a first visual of 2 tube in Nature Magazine. He also called this imaging by the name of _____

Paul C. Lauterbur 1973
Gradient System
Zeugmatography

Historical Development: _____ pioneering work in MRI earned him a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in _____

Paul C. Lauterbur 1973
2003

Historical Development: In _____ developed _____ provided imaging very fast, Same year that Damadian accomplished imaging of entire human body.

Peter Mansfield 1977
Echo Planar Imaging (EPI)

Historical Development: In _____, from _____ built the base of Magnetic Resonance by offering the method of _____ and _____. He thought of using _____ instead of Radon Transform and applied successfully.

Richard Ernst - 1975
Zurich University
Frequency and phase coding
Fourier Transform

Historical Development: This MRI method is used for functional _____ today.

Peter Mansfield 1977
MR neuroimaging

Rapid Development and Refinement: _____ discovered the multiplanar property of MR and detected first lesion.

1980
Peter H. Hawkins

Rapid Development and Refinement: _____ and his friends began obtaining visuals by using Ernst Technique.

1980
William A. Edelstein

Rapid Development and Refinement: Initial MR works based on weight of protons and _____ began in clinically

1980
T1 technique

Rapid Development and Refinement: it was figured out that _____ technique was better for pathologic imaging

1982-1983 T2 based Spin-Echo

Rapid Development and Refinement: _____ accomplished imaging of veins without constant agents by developing _____.

1987 Charles Dumoulin Magnetic Resonance Angiography

Rapid Development and Refinement: Contrast agent got attraction and started being used in 1980s and for the first time, _____ applied for patent for _____.

1982-1983 Schering Company Gd-DTPA

Rapid Development and Refinement: _____ was used to imaging of _____ in real-time.

1987 EPI technique Heart’s phase

Rapid Development and Refinement: ______ was discovered. Then by that time, it was possible to explore deep parts of human brain by using _____

1993 functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Rapid Development and Refinement: New York State and Princeton University achieved imaging of _____

1994 lungs

Rapid Development and Refinement: _____, increasing strength of magnetic field enables to increase the quality of _____ and also decreases to _____ of observation

Today Visual Time

Rapid Development and Refinement: FDA (Food and Drug Ac.) allowed marketing up to _____ devices

1998 4 Tesla

Types of Magnet

1. Permanent Magnets 2. Temporary Magnets 3. Electromagnets

Types of Magnet: These magnets maintain their magnetism over time without needing any external power.

Permanent Magnets

Types of Magnet: Magnet that is created by running an electric current through a coil of wire, usually wrapped around a core made of ferromagnetic material like iron. The magnetic field is generated as long as the current flows through the wire. When the current is turned off, the magnetism disappears.

Electromagnets

Types of Magnet: These materials become magnetic only when exposed to a magnetic field. Once the external field is removed, they lose their magnetism.

Temporary Magnets

Magnet Field: Magnets have two poles: _____ and _____. These poles are the points where the magnetic force is the ______.

North and south strongest

Magnet Poles: The north pole of one magnet will attract the south pole of another.

Opposite poles attract

Magnet Poles: The north pole of one magnet will repel the north pole of another, and the same goes for south poles.

Like poles repel

The area around a magnet where its magnetic force is felt is called the _____. It’s invisible, but you can visualize it using iron filings or compasses

Magnet Field magnetic field

Magnet Field: Magnetic field lines always go from the _____ pole to the _____ pole outside the magnet and loop back inside the magnet.

North South

Magnet Field: The strength of the B0 magnetic field is expressed in units called _____

Tesla (T)