LESSON 1 - Overview of Medical Technology Flashcards
“Clinical laboratory science/laboratory medicine”
Medical technology
Defined as the application of diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic medicine to monitor and improve the management of health condition
Medical technology
Interdisciplinary focusing in health sciences
Medical technology
Medical technology is defined as the application of: (enumerate 3)
… to monitor and improve the management of health condition
diagnostic
preventive
therapeutic
Defined as the application of diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic medicine to (enumerate 2)
To monitor and improve the management of health condition
WHO SAID/DISCOVERED THIS?:
application of the principles of natural, physical, and biological sciences to the performance of laboratory procedures which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases
Ruth Heinemann
Ruth Heinemann discussed Medical Technology as…
APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES of natural, physical, and biological sciences to the performance of laboratory procedures which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases
(application of sciences in diagnosis and treatment)
WHO SAID/DISCOVERED THIS?:
“…branch of medicine concerned with
the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health.”
Anne Fagelson
Anne Fagelson discussed Medical Technology as…
“…BRANCH OF MEDICINE concerned with
the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health.”
(branch of medicine that deals with laboratory diagnoses and analyses to treat disease and maintain health)
This Republic Act states that “…an auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which deals with the examination of tissues, secretion, and excretion of the human body and body fluids by various electronic, chemical, microscopic, and other medical laboratory procedures or techniques either manual or automated which will aid the physician in the diagnosis, study and treatment of disease and in the promotion of health in general.”
RA 5527
RA 5527 states that…
“…an AUXILLARY BRANCH OF LABORATORY MEDICINE which deals with the EXAMINATION of tissues, secretion, and excretion of the human body and body fluids BY VARIOUS electronic, chemical, microscopic, and other medical laboratory procedures or techniques EITHER manual or automated which will AID the physician in the diagnosis, study and treatment of disease and in the promotion of health in general.”
(auxiliary branch that deals with the EXAMINATION, THROUGH VARIOUS PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES, EITHER MANUAL OR AUTOMATED, THAT’LL AID IN DIAGNOSIS AND STUDY FOR PROMOTION OF HEALTH)
What is common?
Performing lab procedures (samples) + diagnosis and treatment (disease)
Analysis (results)
It is a facility that performs chemical and microscopic examination of various body fluids
clinical laboratory
Head of the clinical laboratory, countersigns the result of the examination done by the medical technologist
Pathologist
This profession under the field is a licensed physician
Pathologist
Two (2) types of pathologists
Anatomic/Anatomical Pathologist
Clinical Pathologist
a) Those who examine the tissues
b) Head of the _____ laboratory
ANSWER: Anatomic/anatomical pathologist
[underline] b) head of the anatomic laboratory
a) Have undergone training in the clinical laboratory
b) they are the head of the ____ laboratory
ANSWER: Clinical pathologist
[underline] b) main laboratory
works in collaboration with the Pathology department, they handle the processing of specimens, they perform the examination, they sign the result of the examination
Medical Technologist
works in collaboration with the Pathology department, they handle the processing of specimens, they perform the examination, they sign the result of the examination
Medical Technologist
highest position a medical technologist can obtain, focuses more on the administrative side of the laboratory
Chief Medical Technologist
a) graduate of BS Medical Technology
b) not a licensed medical technologist
c) can never sign or release a result
Medical Technician
● Observe, identify, and analyze organisms and cells causing infection and disease
● Perform blood tests
● Measure substance in blood and other body fluids
● Operate complex apparatus, instruments, and machines
● Use standards and controls to improve reliability of results
● Work under pressure with accuracy and precision
● Adhere to high ethical standards of performance
Roles of a medical technologist
Roles of a Medical Technologist
● Observe, identify, and analyze organisms and cells causing infection and disease
● Perform blood tests
● Measure substance in blood and other body fluids
● Operate complex apparatus, instruments, and machines
● Use standards and controls to improve reliability of results
● Work under pressure with accuracy and precision
● Adhere to high ethical standards of performance
Father of Medicine
Hippocrates (400 B.C.)
Described the “four humors” in man
Hippocrates (400 B.C.)
○ Father of Medicine
○ Described the “four humors” in man: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile
Hippocrates (400 B.C.)
What were the “four humors” enumerated by Hippocrates?
blood
phlegm
yellow bile
black bile
Urinalysis is the…
Oldest laboratory procedure
(400 B.C)
What is the oldest laboratory procedure dated way back 400 B.C.
Urinalysis
recorded the sweet taste of diabetic urine as well as polyuria in diabetes
Hindu Physicians (600 BC)
The Hindu physicians recorded… way back 600 BC
(enumerate 2)
the sweet taste of diabetic urine
polyuria in diabetes
Identified Taenia and Ascaris
Vivian Herrick (1500 B.C)
Vivian Herrick discovered these two way back 1500 B.C
Taenia
Ascaris
(both are intestinal parasites)
When was Ebers Papyrus discovered?
1500 B.C.
This is the oldest preserved Egyptian compilation of medical texts
Ebers Papyrus
How many pages are there in the oldest preserved Egyptian compilation of medical texts?
110 pages (Ebers Papyrus)
The Ebers Papyrus contain chapters on:
- contraception
- pregnancy
- burns
- intestinal disease
- parasites
Introduced the gravimetric analysis of urine using a number of 24-hour urine specimen
Jean Baptiste van Helmont (1577-1644)
This is the contribution of Jean Baptiste van Helmont
gravimetric analysis of urine
Presented a test for the detection of protein based on boiling of
specimen in the presence of acetic acid
Frederick Dekkers (1673)
This was discovered by Frederick Dekkers
test for the detection of protein based on boiling of
specimen in the presence of acetic acid
Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented the…
Invented the single-lensed microscope
Who was first to describe red blood cells, protozoa, and to classify bacteria
according to shape
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632)
Marcelo Malphigi is known as the…
Founder of Pathology
He was the greatest of the early microscopists
Also contributed to embryology and anatomy
Marcelo Malphigi (1628-1694)
Marcelo Malphigi, being one of the greatest of the early microscopists, also contributed to…
embryology and anatomy
Rudolph Virchow is known as the Founder of…
Founder of the field of cellular pathology
He is a German physician, anthropologist, politician, and social reformer
Rudolph Virchow
He stressed that most of the diseases of mankind
could be understood in terms of the dysfunction of
cells.
Rudolph Virchow
He is the Founder of “Archives of Pathology” located in Berlin
Rudolph Virchow
19th Century is known as
The Era of Public Health
Showed that cholera was waterborne and brought the situation under
control
John Snow (1854)
Bacteria name: Cholera
Vibrio Cholerae
Cholera happened where
London, U.K.
Discovery the concept of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
Louis Pasteur
(1867) discovery that cause of wine spoiling and it could be prevented
by partial heat sterilization at 55-60 degrees Celsius
Louis Pasteur
(1881) Discovery of vaccine against anthrax
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur had 3 notable discoveries:
- aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
- wine spoiling prevention (partial heat sterilization)
- vaccine against anthrax
̶Performed the first quantitative test
for urine sugar
Hermann von Fehling (1848)
Fehling’s solution is used as a…
chemical test to differentiate
between water-soluble aldehyde and
ketone functional groups, and as a
test for monosaccharides.
It can be used to screen for glucose
in urine, thus detecting diabetes
Fehling’s solution
Chemical test of Fehling aids to differentiate between:
(3 pts)
1) water-soluble aldehyde
2) ketone functional groups
3) monosaccharides
Danish physician that further developed a method of staining bacteria originally
developed by the German biologist Paul Ehrlich.
Hans Christian Joachim Gram (1884)
The original method of staining bacteria was made by
Paul Ehrlich
(STAINING BACTERIA) Ehrlich
Used aniline water and gentian violet (cationic dye) to stain cells, and the cell walls would appear purple after staining
a cationic dye
gentian violet
(STAINING BACTERIA) Gram
Devised his method that used crystal violet (gentian violet) as the primary stain, an iodine solution as a mordant, followed by treatment with ethanol as a decolorizer
VIAS
Violet, Iodine, Alcohol (ethanol), Safranin
Hans Christian Joachim Gram’s (1884) method of staining bacteria is now more commonly known as
gram staining
Anthrax is a kind of
skin infection
Bacteria name: anthrax
bacillus anthracis
̶ Established a laboratory at Bellevue Hospital Medical College
̶ First professor of Pathology at John Hopkins University (1885)
Dr. William H. Welch (1878)
̶ Opened the first clinical laboratory at John Hopkins Hospital
- William Pepper Laboratory was opened at the University of Pennsylvania
- Gave attention to malarial parasites in blood, duced in a chemical reaction, start of automation
Dr. William Osler (1896)
Wrote “A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis” which
became the standard reference of
laboratories
Dr. James C. Todd (1908)
Denver Society of Clinical Pathologists was organized in
1921
American Board of Pathology was organized in
1936
Produced a great demand for technicians and clinical laboratories
World War I
During the World War I, this university was one of the first schools to establish trainings for workers in 1922
University of Minnesota
University of Minnesota was first to offer
degree program in 1923
This “era” was a great catalyst for development
World War I and World War II
- “Closed system” of blood collection was adopted
- Advanced instrumentation
- Automated equipment
- Quality control programs
World War II
- “Closed system” of blood collection was adopted
- Advanced instrumentation
- Automated equipment
- Quality control programs
World War II
- First clinical laboratory
̶ 26th Medical Infantry of the 6th U.S. Army
̶ Located at Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila
̶ Known as Public Health Laboratory
January 9, 1945
Wrote the book “Clinical Diagnosis: a Manual of Laboratory Methods”
James Todd
- Pennsylvania State Legislature
- Passed a law requiring all hospitals to be equipped with adequate
laboratory
1915
What year passed a law requiring all hospitals to be equipped with adequate laboratory
1915
In 1915 this Legislature was made
Pennsylvania State Legislature
WHEN DID THIS HAPPEN? Physicians with knowledge on laboratory medicine began to teach their assistants to run tests for them
World War I
This type of instrumentation advancements paved the way during World War II
- measuring the concentration of analyte based on the intensity of light produced in a chemical reaction
There was a need for healthcare assistance for their wounded soldiers
and civilians
US bases in Leyte in 1944
US bases in Leyte (1944) needed:
healthcare assistance for their wounded soldiers and civilians
- 26th Medical Laboratory of the 6th US Army established the 1st known clinical
laboratory in the Philippines - At Quiricada Street Santa Cruz, Manila
- (now a division Manila Public Health Department)
January 1945
__th Medical Laboratory of the _th US army established the 1st known clinical laboratory in the Philippines
26th
6th
Where is the first known clinical lab in the Philippines located?
Quiricada Street Santa Cruz, Manila
(now: division Manila Public Health Department)
- Start of training of high school graduates to work as laboratory technicians
- Facilitated by the healthcare team of the 26th Medical Laboratory
February 1945
- The 6th US Army left the laboratory and endorsed it to the National Department of Health
- Became non-functional
June 1945
When the 6th US Army left the laboratory, to whom was it endorsed?
Was it functional or not?
National Department of Health
Not functional
When did WWII ended?
September 1945
It was on October 1945 that the 26th Medical Laboratory was reorganized by?
Dr. Pio de Roda
Dr. Pio de Roda reorganized the 26th Medical Laboratory during this time
October 1945
He thought that the residents of Manila could be better served by laboratory methods to solve their problems in relation to their
health
Dr. Pio de Roda
Who did Dr. Pio de Roda see where he presented his ideas and good intentions in preserving the remnants of the 26th Medical Laboratory and his plans in organizing new medical laboratory for the Manileños
Dr. Mariano Icasiano
Who was the 1st city health officer of Manila
Dr. Mariano Icasiano
Medical Laboratory, now known as the _________________________ was formally organized under the leadership of Dr. Pio de Roda
Manila Public Health Laboratory
This person was instructed by Dr. Pio de Roda to train medical technicians.
Dr. Prudencia Sta Ana
Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana trained…
High school and paramedical graduates
Free for interested people
When was training for medical technicians free for interested people in which the training was not well set as there is no definite period and issued certificate of completion.
1947
In 1954 Dr. Pio de Roda instructed Dr. Sta Ana to ________ of training for medical technicians
prepare a syllabus
It was during this time that 6 months of training period was established to become a medical technician in which there was also an issuance of certificate of completion for successful trainees
1954
Dr. Sta Ana was joined by ____________ in 1954 to train medical technicians
Dr. Tirso Briones
Manila Sanitarium and Hospital in Pasay City
(Manila Adventist Medical Center)
Philippine Union College in Baesa, Caloocon City
(Adventist University of the Philippines) now in Silang Cavite
Founder of medical technology education
in the Philippines
Mrs. Willa Hilgert-Hedrick
American medical practitioner of the
Seventh Day Adventist Church in the
Philippines
Mrs. Willa Hilgert-Hedrick
He was the first Medical Technology graduate in the Philippines
Dr. Jesse Umali
Where did Dr. Jesse Umali graduated?
Philippine Union College of Baesa (1954)
It took _ years of Dr. Jesse Umali to graduate
2 years
He is an OB-GYNE and the owner of Megalab in Vito Cruz, Manila
Dr. Jesse Umali
Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes offered MT as an elective to pharmacy students in…
University of Santo Tomas (1957-1958)
When did B.S. MT became a 4 year course in UST?
June 14, 1961
It was this time that Internship permit for MT program was
issued to UST
June 1960
He offered MT as a separate course from Pharmacy
Rev. Fr. Lorenzo Rodriguez, O.P.
Which university?
First batch graduated in 1962 under Mrs. Purificacion Sunico-Suaco
Centro Escolar University (1960)
When did the first batch of CEU MTs graduated?
1962
Dr. Horacio Ylagan and Dr. Serafin Juliano
Far Eastern University (1962)
- Offers the same course but the degree is conferred to
as B.S. Public Health
UP
PASMETH (meaning)
Philippine Association of Schools of Medical Technology and Public
Health, Inc.
PAMET
̶Philippine Association of Medical Technologists
Policies, standards and guidelines (PSG) for medical technology education
CMO no. 14 s. 2006
Guidelines for the Accreditation of Clinical Laboratories Involved in the Training
of MLS/MT Interns
CMO no. 6 s. 2008
Policy Standards to enhance Quality Assurance in Philippine higher education
through and OUTCOMES-BASED and TYPOLOGY BASED QA
CMO no. 46 s. 2012
Policies, standards and guidelines for the bachelor of science in mt/mls program
CMO no. 13 s. 2017
(Which CMO) Objectives of MT education
* Develop knowledge, attitudes and skills in the performance of clinical
lab procedures needed to help the physician in the proper diagnosis,
treatment program and prevention of diseases
- Develop skills in critical and analytical thinking
- Develop leadership skills
- Uphold moral and ethical values
CMO no. 14 s. 2006
(Which CMO)
* Signed May 8, 2017 by CHED Chairman Patricia B. Licuanan
- Based on the guidelines of CMO NO 46 S. 2012
shift to learning competency-based standards/outcomes-based education - With core competencies expected regardless of the type of HEI they graduated from
- PSG allow HEI to initiate curricular innovations in line with the assessment of how best to achieve outcomes in their
particular contexts and their respective missions - HEIs are allowed to design curricula suited to their own contexts and missions
Based on the K-12 basic education system and on the new GE program
CMO no. 13 s. 2017
5.1 Degree name
BS MT/ BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
5.2 Nature of field of study
4-yr program
with general education and professional courses
4 yr level is the internship program of ONE YEAR
5.3 Program Goals
For the mls/mt graduates to:
Develop knowledge skills professional attitudes and values
Acquire critical thinking skills
Engage in research and community related activities
Participate in activities related to promoting the
profession and actively engage in life-long learning
undertakings
Develop collaborative and leadership qualities
CMO no. 13 s. 2017
Who signed the CMO no.13 s. 2017
CHED Chairman Patricia Licuanan
Number of units
173 units
Units per part
GE CORE
GE ELECTIVE
GE MANDATED
PE
NSTP
CORE
PROFESSIONAL
RESEARCH
CLIN. INTERNSHIP
GE CORE - 24
GE ELECTIVE -9
GE MANDATED - 3
PE - 8
NSTP - 6
CORE - 26
PROFESSIONAL - 65
RESEARCH - 5
CLIN. INTERNSHIP - 28
TOTAL NUMBER OF EXPOSURE
* 1ST-3RD YEAR LAB
* INTERNSHIP
1,728 HRS
1,664 HRS
WHAT WAS ADDED IN CMO NO 13, 2017
MOLECULAR BIOLODY AND DIAGNOSTIC
Interns should render __ hours of internship duty hours per week completing a total of 1664 hours for
the whole year
32
TWO 8 hr duty per week
ONE 16 hr duty per week
16 hrs, 2 days rest
8 hrs, 1 day rest
The intern (shall or shall not) be assigned on a 24-hour duty
Shall not
Reason for not assigning MedTechs in 24 hour duty
Too dangerous
lowers efficiency and effectivity
THE INTERN SHALL BE ALLOWED _ DAY OFF PER WEEK AND _ MORE DAY FOR
SEMINAR/ASSESSMENT PROGRAM
1, 1
NATURE OF THE FIELD OF STUDY
- Program course shall be called as:
(2 pts)
̶Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology
or
̶Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science
NATURE OF THE FIELD OF STUDY
- no of years
- pass the…
- Four year program
–> One-year internship with rotational duties in different laboratory sections in a CHED-accredited training lab
Can a student apply for internship in a school that is not CHED-accredited?
No.
It must be hospital based
tertiary level
Partnership agreement between the school and laboratory
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
- Develop knowledge, skills, professional attitude and values in
the performance of laboratory procedures - Acquire critical thinking skills
- Engage in research and community-related activities
- Participate in activities promoting the profession and engage
in life-long learning undertakings - Develop collaborative and leadership qualities
EXPECTED PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES
- Technical competence
- Analytical and critical thinking skills
- Proper collection, analysis, and projection of health
information - Inter-personal skills, leadership qualities, and ethical practice of profession
- Research skills
- Community-oriented activities
- Life-long learning activities
- Effective teaching and communication skills
PROGRAM CURRICULUM
- gen ed
- core courses
- professional courses
Examples of core courses
Biostats, phyana, pharma
Examples of professional courses
clinical lab (board exam courses)
An Act Requiring the Registration of Medical Technologist, Defining Their
Practice
Republic Act No. 5527 of 1969
How many ammendment were made in act defining medtech practice?
3
How many sections are there in RA 5527
32 sections
Scope of Licensure Exam
Clinical Chem - 20
Microbiology and Parasitology 20
Hematology - 20
Blood Banking and Serology - 20
Clinical Microscopy - 10
Histopathologic Techniques and MT Laws - 10
What are the majors, 1 fail - fail all (4)
Clinical Chem
Microbiology and Parasitology
Hematology
Blood Banking and Serology
How many subjects are under micriobio and para
3 under
Blood banking and serology how many courses?
BB - 2
Sero - 2
Employment opportunities
- Medical technologist (generalist/specialist)
- Clinical laboratory supervisor
- Chief medical technologist
- Laboratory owner
- Sales and public relations representative
- Educational representatives (company/health program)
- Researcher (industrial/medical)
- Teacher/instructor (secondary/tertiary levels)
- Employment abroad
Difference between generalist and specialist medical technology
GENERALIST - umiikot all sections (ex: hema, chem)
SPECIALIST - stay permanently in one section (complex)
Dean of the College of Medical Laboratory Science of Our Lady of Fatima University (OLFU)
New president of PASMETH
Dr. Jose Jurel Nuevo
PASMETH president before Nuevo
Bernard Ebuen
new PAMET PRESIDENT - from CEU
Ms. Luella Vertucio
PAMET - EXECUTIVE OFFICER, NATIONAL PRESIDENT from FEU
Rommel Saceda
