Lesson 1: NATURE OF SCIENCE Flashcards
Branch of science that deals with living organisms and their vital processes.
Biology
Biology endompasses diverse fields including:
Botany
Comservation
Ecology
Evolution
Genetics
Marine biology
Medicine
Microbiology
Molecular biology
Physiology
Zoology
The science of life
Biology
The science of life
Biology
Come in an astounding variety of shapes and forms
Living things
History of biology can be divided into different times, namely:
Antiquity
Renaissance
Age of Enlightenment
19th Century
Modern Days
Phase where the ideas were not supporter with strong evidences
Antiquity
Before aristotle
Antiquity
Many greek philosophers had speculated about the origins of the Earth and life but their theorizing was unsupported by empirical investigation
Antiquity
Dark ages
Renaissance
the disappearance of
knowledge
Renaissance
the establishment of
evolutionary theory,
cell theory, and the
laws of heredity.
19th century
biology
focused on molecular
biology, genetics, and the
application of mathematics
and information theory.
modern days
pioneered zoology
aristotle
He’s the first to classify living things
Aristotle
He divided the plants into herbs, shrubs, trees, and animals into land dwellers, water dwellers, and air dwellers
Aristotle
Greek physician who described the anatomy of the human body based on dissections of apes and pigs.
Claudius Galen
He showed that arteries carry blood
Claudius Galen
Father of Modern Anatomy
Andreas Vesalius
A Belgian who made the first studies on human anatomy by dissecting corpses “De Humani Corporis Fabrica”.
Andreas Vesalius
He pioneered the comparative
approach
Andreas Vesalius
“De Humani
Corporis Fabrica”.
Andreas vesalius
English physician who showed conclusively that the heart pumps the blood and the blood circulates.
William Harvey
He proved the principle that
structure and function must be studied together.
William Harvey
Italian physician and anatomist
Marcello Malpighi
the founder of
microscopic anatomy.
Marcello Malpighi
He discovered capillaries and red blood cells.
Marcello Malpighi
observed the microscopic
components of the liver, brain, kidneys, spleen, bone, and the Malpighian layer
Marcello Malpighi
it functions as the exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells.
Capillaries
it forms the connection between the vessels that carry blood away from the heart (arteries) and the vessels that return blood to the heart (veins).
Capillaries
He is a Dutch cloth merchant
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
He was the first to use the
microscope with great
observational and descriptive skills.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
His most important discoveries
were microorganisms (including bacteria), sperm cells and single-celled organisms called protozoans
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Father of Taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus
Swedish biologist who
developed binomial
nomenclature to classify and organize plants and animals
Carolus Linnaeus
Father of Genetics
Gregor Mendel
Austrian biologist who
developed the principles of
heredity
Gregor Mendel
developed the principles of
heredity by studying the
variation and heredity of seven pairs of inherited
characteristics in pea plants
Gregor Mendel
An English naturalist
Charles Darwin
The most prominent figure in the history of biology.
Charles Darwin
“Origin of Species”
(1859)
Charles Darwin
The book _________ presents the theory of evolution by natural selection. Theorized by _______
“Origin of Species” , Charles Darwin
His work provided a unifying, organizing framework for the field of biology.
Charles Darwin
What are the basic properties of life?
- Order
- Sensitivity/Response to Stimuli
- Reproduction
- Adaptation
- Growth and Development
- Regulation and Homeostatis
- Energy Processing
- Evolution
Organisms are highly organized, coordinated structures that consist of one or more cells. Even very simple, single-celled organisms are remarkably complex.
Order
In order, organisms are highly organized, coordinated structures that consist of ________ cells. Even very simple, single-celled organisms are remarkably complex.
one or more
Movement toward a
stimulus is considered a _______ response
positive
movement away
from a stimulus is considered a _______ response.
Negative
Organisms respond to diverse stimuli. Movement toward a stimulus is considered a positive
response, while movement away from a stimulus is considered a negative response.
Sensitivity/Response to Stimuli
The cytoplasm holds organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum, each with specific functions. What basic property of life is present in this example?
Order
In multicellular organisms, similar cells form tissues. Tissues, in turn, collaborate to create organs (body structures with a distinct function). Organs work together to form organ systems.What basic property of life is present in this example?
Order
When a plant, like a sunflower, detects light from one direction, it produces hormones called auxins that stimulate cell growth on the shaded side. This causes the plant to bend toward the light source, maximizing photosynthesis. What basic property of life is evident?
Sensitivity/Response to Stimuli
When you step into a dark room, your pupils dilate to let in more light, helping you see better. Conversely, they contract in bright light to protect your eyes. What basic property of life is evident?
sensitivity/response to stimuli
If you touch a hot stove, your hand instantly pulls away due to a reflex action controlled by your nervous system. What basic property of life is evident?
sensitivity/response to stimuli
Some bacteria move toward food sources (chemotaxis) by detecting chemical signals in their environment. What basic property of life is evident?
sensitivity/response to stimuli
(Modified True of False)
All living organisms are randomly arranged without any specific structure or pattern.
False – All living organisms are systematically arranged with a specific structure and pattern.
(Modified True or False)
Even single-celled organisms, like bacteria, exhibit order by having specialized structures like DNA, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
True
(Modified True or False)
Organisms with complex body structures, such as humans and animals, lack organization in their internal systems.
False – Organisms with complex body structures, such as humans and animals, have highly organized internal systems.
A scientist examines a sample of muscle tissue under a microscope and notices a repeating pattern of muscle fibers. How does this observation demonstrate the property of order in living organisms?
The observation of a repeating pattern in muscle fibers shows order because cells and tissues are arranged in a specific way to perform their function efficiently. The structure of muscle fibers allows movement and contraction, demonstrating biological organization.
A bird’s wings are structured with lightweight bones and feathers arranged in a way that helps it fly. How does this relate to the property of order in life?
The lightweight bones and structured arrangement of feathers allow birds to fly efficiently. This specialized structure is an example of order because it ensures that different parts of the body work together for a specific function.
A honeybee colony operates in a highly organized manner, with worker bees, drones, and a queen, each with specific roles. Explain how this structure demonstrates order in a biological system.
A honeybee colony demonstrates order because each type of bee has a specific role—worker bees collect food, drones reproduce, and the queen lays eggs. This division of labor helps the colony function efficiently, showing an organized biological system.
Which of the following BEST describes order in living organisms?
a. A random arrangement of cells in the body
b. A well-organized structure where cells, tissues, and organs work together
c. A mixture of living and non-living components with no specific function
d. A single-celled organism that does not have any internal organization
B.
Which hierarchical level of biological organization comes immediately after tissues?
a. Cells
b. Organs
c. Organ Systems
d. Organisms
B.
The circulatory system in the human body is an example of order because:
a. It is made up of different organs that work together in a structured way.
b. It randomly pumps blood throughout the body without a pattern.
c. It changes its structure every time the heart beats.
d. It only works when a person is asleep.
A.
In an ecosystem, the presence of producers (plants), consumers (animals), and decomposers (fungi, bacteria) forming a food chain is an example of:
a. Random survival of organisms
b. A well-organized system where each organism has a role
c. An unstructured flow of energy in nature
d. The absence of a biological hierarchy
B.
A living cell maintains organization by:
a. Allowing its internal structures to randomly float inside it
b. Keeping its parts in a specific order, such as the nucleus containing DNA
c. Changing its shape and components frequently without any pattern
d. Not having any specialized parts within it
B.
(Modified True or False)
All living things respond to stimuli in the same way, regardless of their environment.
False – Different living things respond uniquely to stimuli depending on their environment and survival needs.
Plants do not respond to external stimuli because they lack a nervous system.
False – Plants respond to stimuli through processes like phototropism (growth toward light) and gravitropism (response to gravity).
A person’s pupils shrink in bright light to protect the eyes from excessive brightness.
True
Bacteria do not respond to stimuli because they are single-celled organisms.
False – Bacteria can move toward food sources (chemotaxis) and away from harmful substances.
A Venus flytrap quickly closes its leaves when an insect touches it. How does this demonstrate sensitivity/response to stimuli?
The Venus flytrap responds to touch stimuli by rapidly closing its leaves, which helps it capture and digest prey. This reaction increases its chances of obtaining nutrients.
A student steps on a sharp object and quickly pulls their foot away. Explain how this is an example of response to stimuli.
The sharp object causes pain, which is detected by sensory receptors. The nervous system sends signals to the muscles, triggering a reflex action that causes the student to pull their foot away. This helps prevent further injury.
Why do sunflowers turn their heads to follow the sun throughout the day?
Sunflowers exhibit phototropism, a response to light, by moving their heads toward the sun to maximize light absorption for photosynthesis.
Why do some animals grow thick fur during winter?
Animals respond to cold temperatures by growing thicker fur, which helps retain body heat and survive in colder conditions.
Which of the following is an example of response to stimuli?
a. A rock breaking into smaller pieces due to weathering
b. A fish swimming toward food dropped in the water
c. A chair moving when someone pushes it
d. A clock ticking every second
B.
When a person touches a hot surface, they immediately pull their hand away. This response is controlled by the:
a. Digestive system
b. Respiratory system
c. Nervous system
d. Skeletal system
C.
A dog pants on a hot day to cool down. Which property of life is this an example of?
a) Homeostasis
b) Growth and development
c) Evolutionary adaptation
d) Reproduction
A.
A farmer notices that a particular species of insects is becoming more resistant to pesticides over multiple generations. Which property of life is responsible for this change?
a) Growth and development
b) Evolutionary adaptation
c) Homeostasis
d) Reproduction
B.
When reproduction occurs, genes
containing DNA are passed along to
an organism’s offspring. These
genes ensure that the offspring will
belong to the same species and will
have similar characteristics, such as size and shape.
Reproduction
A baby chick hatches from an egg and grows into an adult chicken. This process is an example of:
a) Growth and development
b) Energy processing
c) Homeostasis
d) Response to stimuli
A.
A scientist observes a bacterial cell dividing into two identical daughter cells. What characteristic of life does this demonstrate?
a) Homeostasis
b) Response to stimuli
c) Reproduction
d) Evolutionary adaptation
C
A farmer notices that a particular species of insects is becoming more resistant to pesticides over multiple generations. Which property of life is responsible for this change?
a) Growth and development
b) Evolutionary adaptation
c) Homeostasis
d) Reproduction
B.
Which of the following best describes homeostasis?
a) The ability to generate energy from sunlight
b) The process of maintaining a stable internal environment
c) The ability to respond to external stimuli
d) The process of breaking down food for energy
B.
When reproduction occurs, genes
containing DNA are passed along to
an organism’s offspring. These
genes ensure that the offspring will
belong to the same species and will
have similar characteristics, such as
size and shape.
Reproduction
All living organisms exhibit a “fit” to their environment. It is a consequence of evolution by natural selection, which operates in every lineage of reproducing organisms.
Adaptation
Organisms grow and develop
following specific instructions
coded for by their genes. These
genes provide instructions that
will direct cellular growth and development
Growth and Development
Even the smallest organisms are
complex and require multiple
regulatory mechanisms to
coordinate internal functions,
maintain internal condition,
respond to stimuli, and cope with
environmental stresses.
Regulation and Homeostasis
All organisms use a source of
energy, whether capturing it from
the sun or converting food to
energy, for their metabolic activities.
Energy Processing
The diversity of life on Earth is a
result of mutation or random
changes in hereditary material
over time. These mutations allow
the possibility for organisms to adapt to a changing environment.
Evolution
_________ is the mathematical
and experimental technique employed in
the sciences. More specifically, it is the
technique used in the construction and
testing of a scientific hypothesis.
Scientific Method
6 Process of Scientific Method
- Make an Observation
- Ask a Question
- Form a Hypothesis
- Test the Hypothesis
- Analyze your Data
- Share your Results
begins with observation.
Make an observation
A student notices that plants in a sunny window grow taller than those in a shaded area. What should the student do next according to the scientific method?
a) Write a conclusion
b) Formulate a hypothesis
c) Publish the results
d) Repeat the experiment immediately
B.
A scientist observes that a certain breed of dogs runs faster than others. What is the best first step in applying the scientific method?
a) Create a theory
b) Conduct an experiment
c) Make an observation
d) Ignore the findings
C.
How do we showcase the diversity of life?
Biodiversity
refers to all of the variety of life that exists on Earth.
Biological Diversity or Biodiversity
can be described and measured at three different levels: species, genetic, and ecosystem diversity.
Biodiversity
science of classifying organisms
taxonomy
__________ is an important step in understanding the present diversity and
past evolutionary history of life on Earth. It helps make sense of the overwhelming diversity of living things.
Classification
classification wherein Linnaeus grouped organisms that shared obvious morphological traits, such as the number of legs or shape of leaves.
Linnaean Classification
gives each species a unique, two-word Latin name consisting of the genus name followed by a specific species identifier.
Binomial Nomenclature
“D’ King Phillip Came Over From Germany Sober”
Linnaean Classification
a taxon that is larger and more inclusive than the kingdom.
Domain
three domains of life on Earth:
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Single-celled organisms that lacks nucleus
Bacteria and Archaea
Single celled or multi-celled organisms that contains nucleus
Eukarya
A marine biologist observes a single-celled organism with a nucleus swimming in ocean water. Which domain does this organism belong to?
a) Bacteria
b) Archaea
c) Eukarya
d) Virus
C.
