Lesson 1: Introduction to Virology

Question 1

1st written record of a virus infection consists of a
hieroglyph from Memphis, ancient Egypt’s, etc.

Answer 1

1400 BC

Question 2

A temple priest showing typical clinical signs
of paralytic

Answer 2

Siptah

Question 3

Viral disease commonly known as Polio

Answer 3

Poliomyelitis

Question 4

Is believed to have died/succumbed to SMALLPOX

Answer 4

Pharoh Ramses V, 1996 BC.

Question 5

It is the disease king or furrow

Answer 5

Mummy

Question 6

It is the disease caused by the family of viruses known as Pox virus

Answer 6

Smallpox

Question 7

Refers to the very first attempt for vaccination.

Answer 7

Variolation

Question 8

Through Inoculation/Injection

Answer 8

Vaccination

Question 9

The one who really developed the vaccine against the
smallpox was

Answer 9

Edward Jenner

Question 10

Vaccinate (8-yr old) using cowpox infected material of Sarah Nemes (milkmaid)

Answer 10

James Phipps

Question 11

Date when Edward Jenner challenged the boy by deliberately inoculating him

Answer 11

July 1, 1976

Question 12

Genetic elements that can replicate only inside a living cell

Answer 12

Obligate Intracellular Parasite

Question 13

For virus to survive it requires specifically a

Answer 13

Living host cell

Question 14

General Characteristics of Viruses

Answer 14

Possess their own genomes (DNA or RNA)

Question 15

TRUE OR FALSE:
Viruses: do not grow in artificial culture media

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

Meaning outside the body and one way to grow your microorganism is by using culture media.

Answer 16

In Vitro

Question 17

Is it possible to grow viruses in a laboratory?

Answer 17

Yes, using in vitro type of culture medium such as chick embryo (balut), animals.

Question 18

Small infectious units measured in nanometer about ____________

Answer 18

20- 300nm in diameter

Question 19

The type of microscope that we can use for us to
visualize the viruses is an

Answer 19

Electron Miscroscopy

Question 20

In our laboratory routinely we only have the __________ (common or basic requirement in laboratory) type of microscope.

Answer 20

Bright Field

Question 21

Can we still visualize viruses using only an
Electron microscope?

Answer 21

No, but we can still use bright field microscopes for studying viruses.

Question 22

Difference between Electron and Bright Field Microscopy

Answer 22

Electron microscopy (direct visualization), while in Bright Field microscopy (Indirect visualization)

Question 23

There are groups of viruses that can cause change on its host
cell.

Answer 23

Cytopathic Effect

Question 24

smallest animal virus

Answer 24

parvovirus

Question 25

Largest animal virus

Answer 25

poxvirus

Question 26

Virus types are very specific, and each has a limited number of hosts it can infect; this is referred to as

Answer 26

Viral tropism

Question 27

Viral components

Answer 27

1. Nucleic acid genome (RNA or DNA) 2. Protective protein coat

Question 28

Which protects or coats your DNA or RNA of your viruses.

Answer 28

CAPSID

Question 29

It is made up of proteins (macromolecules) being a macromolecule it has a subunit (amino acids) combination of amino acids that leads to protein

Answer 29

CAPSID

Question 30

Does your capsid have its subunits?

Answer 30

Yes, the subunit of capsid is called CAPSOMERES

Question 31

Attachment or combinations of several thousand capsomeres leads to the formation of capsid.

Answer 31

Capsomeres

Question 32

Nucleic Acid (genome) + capsid =

Answer 32

NUCLEOCAPSID or VIRION

Question 33

It is also known as viral particle

Answer 33

Virion

Question 34

It was derived or comes from the host cell membrane that is modified by the virus (Enveloped Virus).

Answer 34

Glycoprotein spikes

Question 35

Component: It contains only PROTEIN

Answer 35

NAKED CAPSID

Question 36

When we say enveloped type of virus on its capsid it has

Answer 36

Lipids and Glycoproteins

Question 37

TRUE OR FALSE: Naked Capsid is Environmentally STABLE.

Answer 37

TRUE

Question 38

Naked Capsid is Environmentally STABLE to the following:

Answer 38

- Temperature, Acid, Proteases, Detergents, Drying, Released from cell by lysis - Can dry out and retain infectivity - Can be spread easily (on fomites, from hand to hand, by dust, by small droplets) - Can survive the adverse conditions of the gut - Can be resistant to detergents and poor sewage treatment - Antibody may be sufficient for immunoprotection

Question 39

Components: Membrane Lipids, Proteins and Glycoproteins

Answer 39

Enveloped Capsid

Question 40

TRUE OR FALSE: Enveloped Capsid is Environmentally LABILE-disrupted.

Answer 40

TRUE

Question 41

Enveloped Capsid is Environmentally LABILE-disrupted by the following:

Answer 41

- Acid, Detergents, Drying, Heat - Modifies cell membrane during replication - Released by budding and cell lysis

Question 42

Enveloped Capsid:

Answer 42

 Must stay wet  Spreads in large droplets, secretions, organ transplants, and blood transfusions  Cannot survive the gastrointestinal tract  Does not need to kill the cell to spread  May need antibody and cell-mediated immune response for protection and control  Elicits hypersensitivity and inflammation to cause immunopathogenesis

Question 43

● NUCLEOCAPSID STRUCTURES

Answer 43

○ Icosahedral structure (cubic) ○ Helical structure ○ Complex structure (Poxviridae)

Question 44

VIRAL MULTIPLICATION SAMPLE

Answer 44

● Adsorption (Recognition and Attachment) ● Penetration ● Uncoating ● Synthetic phase ● Assembly ● Release

Question 45

Virus Classification: ICVT meaning

Answer 45

International Committe on Viral Taxonomy

Question 46

Viral Classification: Based on 4 major properties of viruses

Answer 46

1. Type of nucleic acid 2. Symmetry and shape of the capsid 3. Presence or absence of envelope 4. Size of the virus particle