Lesson 1: Introduction to Sedimentary Petrology

Question 1

Measures clay to boulders.

Answer 1

Udden - Wentworth Scale

Question 2

Rocks form at low temperatures and pressures at the surface of the Earth.

Answer 2

Sedimentary

Question 3

They cover roughly three-fourths of the Earth’s surface.

Answer 3

Sedimentary

Question 4

Their textures, structures, composition, and fossil content reveal the nature of past surface environments and life forms.

Answer 4

Sedimentary

Question 5

Types of resistant rocks that are not prone to weathering.

Answer 5

Silicate minerals and rock fragments

Question 6

Types of secondary minerals.

Answer 6

Clay minerals and Iron oxides

Question 7

Soluble constituents

Answer 7

Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium

Question 8

Arrange in order the life of a sedimentary rock.

Answer 8

Source Rock, Transportation, Deposition, Chemical/Biochemical Precipitation, Diagenesis

Question 9

Leading to solution or destruction of some sediments and leads to a generation of new minerals in sediments

Answer 9

Diagenesis

Question 10

Common sediments that make up common sandstone, conglomerates, and

shales.

Answer 10

Terrigenous Siliciclastic Particles

Question 11

Divided by composition into carbonates, evaporites, cherts, ironstone and iron-formations, and phosphorites.

Answer 11

Chemical/ Biochemical Constituents

Question 12

Rocks that have soluble constituents

Answer 12

Calcite, Apatite, Gypsum

Question 13

Carbonaceous materials with woody residue of plants and chief components of coal.

Answer 13

Humic

Question 14

Precipitated minerals such as silts and sand size grains moved by waves and depositional basin.

Answer 14

Aggregated Grains

Question 15

Remains of spores, pollen, phyto-and zooplankton, and macerated plan debris that accumulate in water

Answer 15

Sapropelic

Question 16

One of the constituents of cannel coals and oil shales.

Answer 16

Sapropelic

Question 17

Solid asphaltic residues that form through the loss of volatiles, oxidation, and polymerization.

Answer 17

Bitumens

Question 18

Added during burial but never the dominant constituents of sedimentary rock.

Answer 18

Authigenic constituents

Question 19

Important as indicators of past depositional conditions

Answer 19

Sandstones and limestones

Question 20

Authigenic constituents of minerals

Answer 20

Quartz, feldspar, clay minerals

Question 21

Shrinking ocean basins caught between colliding continental margins/arch-trench/subducted/deformed suture belts.

example: bay of bengal

Answer 21

Remnant Ocean Basin

Question 22

Foreland basins above rifted continental margins that have been pulled into subduction zone during collision.

example: Persian gulf

Answer 22

Peripheral Foreland Basin

Question 23

Basins formed and carried atop moving thrust sheets

example: Peshawar basin

Answer 23

Piggy Back Basin

Question 24

Basin formed among basement-cored uplifts in foreland settings.

Answer 24

Foreland Intermontane Basins

Question 25

Basins formed by extension along strike-slip fault systems. Example: Salton Sea

Answer 25

Transtensional Basins

Question 26

Basins formed by compression along strike-slip fault systems Example: Santa Barbara Basin

Answer 26

Transpressional Basins

Question 27

Basins formed by rotation of crustal blocks about vertical axes within strike-slip fault systems. Example: Western Aleutian Forearc.

Answer 27

Transrotational Basins

Question 28

Diverse basins formed within and on continental crust due to distant collisional processes. Example: Qaidam Basin China

Answer 28

Intracontinental Wrench Basins

Question 29

Former failed rifts at high angles to continental margins, which have been reactivated during convergent tectonics, so that they are at high angles to orogenic belts. Example: Mississippi embayment

Answer 29

Aulacogens

Question 30

Rifts formed at high angles to orogenic belts, without preorogenic history (in contrast with aulacogens). Example: Baikal rift (Siberia) (distal)

Answer 30

Impactogens

Question 31

Basins formed in intermontane settings following cessation of local orogenic or taphrogenic activity. Example: Southern Basin and Range Arizona.

Answer 31

Successor Basins

Question 32

Broad scientific discipline that encompasses the study of all kinds of sedimentary rocks

Answer 32

Sedimentary Petrology

Question 33

Deals with the characterization of the individual sediments

Answer 33

Sedimentology