Lesson 1: Introduction to Plan Making and Implementation Flashcards
What are the 3 main components to the plan making process?
- goals and visions
- Analysis of current problems
- Creation and evaluation of alternatives
Survey
a research method that allows one to collect data on a topic that cannot be directly observed, such as opinions on downtown retailing opportunities
sampling frame
The population of interest
cross-sectional survey
A cross-sectional survey gathers information about a population at a single point in time
longitudinal surveys
Gathers information about a population over a period of time
Group-administered surveys
Respondents are gathered in a group, questionnaires are handed out to each and the questionnaires are completed within the group situation
Probability Sampling
every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected into the study
GOOD FOR QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
Non-probability Sampling
the members of the population will not have an equal chance of being selected, and in many cases, there will be members of the population who have no chance of being selected.
GOOD FOR QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
stratified sampling
the population is divided into separate groups or classes, from which a sample is drawn such that the classes in the population are represented by the classes in the sample.
cluster sample
where a specific target group out of the general population is sampled from, such as the elderly, or residents of a specific neighborhood.
Nominal data
categories that do not have a natural order or ranking
Ordinal data
An ordinal scale is one where the order matters but not the difference between values.
Interval data
An interval scale is one where there is order and the difference between two values is meaningful.
Ratio data
A ratio variable, has all the properties of an interval variable, and also has a clear definition of 0.0. When the variable equals 0.0, there is none of that variable.
Quantitative variables
represent an interval or ratio measurement
qualitative variables
represent nominal and ordinal measurement
Discrete variables
are countable in a finite amount of time.
Continuous variables
can take on an infinite number of values. Example: Time
population
is the totality of some entity.
sample
a subset of the population
Descriptive Statistics
describe the characteristics of the distribution of values in a population or in a sample.
Inferential Statistics
use probability theory to determine characteristics of a population based on observations made on a sample from that population.
Distribution
is the overall shape of the observed data.
data range
difference between the highest and lowest value in a data set
Gaussian distribution
is a probability distribution that is symmetric about the mean, showing that data near the mean are more frequent in occurrence than data far from the mean. In graph form, normal distribution will appear as a bell curve
Central tendency
A measure of central tendency is a summary statistic that represents the center point or typical value of a dataset.
MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE
Mean
average of a distribution. Appropriate for interval and ratio scales
Median
middle value of a ranked distribution. Is the ONLY suitable measure of central tendency for ordinal data.
Mode
is the most frequent number in a distribution. Used for nominal data.
Variance
The average of the squared differences from the Mean. Larger variance = greater spread (flatter distribution)
Standard deviation
square root of the variance
Linear Method
uses the change in population (increase or decline) over a period of time and extrapolates this change to the future, in a linear fashion.
Exponential method
uses the RATE of growth (the % change in population over time) to estimate the current or future population.
The result is a curved line.
Modified exponential method
Modified exponential projection assumes there is a limit to the change, and at some point the growth will slow or stop. Results in an S shape curve.
Symptomatic method
uses any available data that is indirectly related to the population size (new drivers licenses).
step-down ration method
Uses the ratio between the population of a city and a county (or larger geographical unit) at a known point in time, such as the decennial census. This ratio is used to project the current or future population.
Distributed Housing Unit Method
This method uses the Census Bureau data for the number of housing units, which is then multiplied by the occupancy rate and persons per household. This method is reliable for slow growth or stable communities but is less reliable in communities that are changing more quickly.
Cohort Survival Method
Uses the current population plus natural increase and net migration to calculate a future population. The population is calculated for men and women in specific age groups.
Natural increase
the difference between the number of children born and the number of people who die during the one-time interval
Net Migration
The difference between the number of people moving in and the number of people moving out.
Economic base analysis
looks at basic and non-basic economic activities. The exporting (basic) industries make up the economic base of a region.
basic activities
Tourism (resorts)
non-basic activities
Retail stores in a tourist town
Location-Quotient (LQ
A ratio of an industry’s share of local employment divided by its share of the nation (or other level of government).
A ratio of less than 1 indicates that an area imports an industry’s products or services, a ratio of greater than 1 indicates exporting.
Shift-Share Analysis (3 components)
- National Component (share)
- Industry Component (mix)
- Regional Component (shift)
Input-output analysis
Quantitative method to assist in economic policy decision-making. The analysis links suppliers and purchasers to determine the economic output of a region. Identifies primary suppliers, intermediate suppliers, intermediate purchasers, & final purchasers.
Acquisition Cost
is the total cost that a company recognizes on its books for property or equipment after adjusting for discounts, incentives, closing costs and other necessary expenditures, but before sales taxes.
Fair Market Value
is the price that an asset would sell for on the open market.
North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)
is the standard used by Federal statistical agencies in classifying business establishments for the purpose of collecting, analyzing, and publishing statistical data about the U.S. economy.
Urbanized Area
an urban nucleus of 50,000 or more people. These urbanized areas may or may not contain any individual cities of 50,000 or more
MUST have a core with at least 1,000 people per square mile
Urban Cluster
have at least 2,500 but less than 50,000 people and a population density of 1,000 per square mile
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)
includes at least one city with at least 50,000 inhabitants.
Micropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)
an urban cluster with a population of at least 10,000 but fewer than 50,000 people.
Census Designated Place (CDP)
A census-designated place is a concentration of population defined by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes only.
Core Based Statistical Area
a core area with at least 10,000 people that when combined with other adjacent communities is socially and economically integrated.
Megalopolis
Jean Gottman. any many-centered, multi-city, urban area of more than 10 million inhabitants, generally dominated by low-density settlement and complex networks of economic specialization
Census Tract
Has a population between 2,000 and 8,000 people
Census Block
Smallest level at which census data is collected. 400 housing units per block
Census block group
A group of census blocks. 600-3,000 people.
American Community Survey (ACS)
takes a sample of the population and projects the findings to the population as a whole.
Baby Boomers
People born in the United States between 1946 and 1964
Generation X
These people were born between 1965 and 1976,
Generation Y (aka Echo Boom or Millenials)
These are the children of the baby boomers. These people were born between approximately 1977 and 2000.
Generation Z
These are the children born after 2000.
Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
have improved the spatial accuracy of planning information. GPS allows the incorporation of the location of features and facilities into databases.
TIGER
Topographically Integrated Geographical Encoding and Referencing map.
Charrette
Intensive interactive problem-solving process convened around development of specific plans. Experts within & outside community.
Delphi Method
Used to develop consensus between two or more groups that are in conflict. Develop goals & objectives. Group facilitation skills.
Nominal Group Technique
Someone is creating a list of ideas. Duplicate solutions are deleted. Participants then rank the solutions. The rankings are then discussed. This can lead to further ideas or combinations of ideas. The solution with the highest ranking is selected.
Facilitation
uses a person who does not have a direct stake in the outcome of a meeting to help groups that disagree work together to solve complex problems and come to a consensus.
Mediation
a method in which a neutral third party facilitates discussion in a structured multi-stage process to help parties reach a satisfactory agreement.
visual preference survey
is a technique that can be used to assist citizens in evaluating physical images of natural and built environments.
small-scale map
displays a large land area with very little detail
A large-scale map
shows a limited land area in great detail
The U.S. Geological Survey
uses the 1:24,000 scale
Contour lines
the lines of equal elevation
contour interval
is the distance between contour lines.
Slope
is calculated by the change in elevation divided by the horizontal distance.
Floor Area Ratio
is the ratio of the gross floor area of a building to its ground area. It is used primarily to determine building density on a site; i.e., the size of a building in relation to the size of the lot where it sits.
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA)
resulted in the creation of the Council on Environmental Quality. The Act requires that the environmental impacts of a project be considered.
Environmental Assessment
required to determine whether there is a significant environmental impact.
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
Required when the results of an environmental assessment aren’t good
Scoping
is often the first contact between proponents of a proposal and the public. A scoping meeting introduces both sides of an issue and engages interested parties.
An Environmental Impact Statement typically has four sections
- Introduction, which includes a statement of the Purpose and Need of the Proposed Action;
- Description of the Affected Environment;
- Range of Alternatives to the proposed action. Alternatives are considered the “heart” of the EIS;
- Analysis of the environmental impacts of each of the possible alternatives.
Cost-benefit analysis
estimates the total monetary value of the benefits and costs to the community of a project(s) to determine whether they should be undertaken.
Jules Dupuit
conceived the cost-benefit analysis
Federal Navigation Act of 1936
required that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers undertake waterway system projects when the total benefits exceed the costs of the project.
Net Present Value
shows the net monetary value of a project, discounted to today’s present value.
Gantt Chart
was developed in 1917 by Charles Gantt. This chart focuses on the sequence of tasks necessary for project completion. Each task is represented as a single horizontal bar on an X-Y chart.
Linear programming
project management method that attempts to find the optimum design solution for a project.
Critical Path Method (CPM)
is a tool to analyze a project. The analysis results in a “critical path” through the project tasks. Each project task has a known amount of time to complete and cannot be completed before the previous one is completed.
budget
is the allocation and expenditure of funds to provide service to the public. A budget serves to set spending priorities.
operating budget
includes everyday expenditures of an organization, such as supplies, personnel, and maintenance of office space.
capital budget
includes long-term purchases, such as a new building, recreation center, water main, or major equipment. 1 year budget.
Capital Improvements Program (CIP)
is a longer range (5-7 years) look at the capital needs of a community
Line-item Budgeting
Costs are categorized by specific departments
Planning, Programming, Budgeting Systems (PPBS)
Combines program budgeting with short and long-term planning targets. performance measures, tracking systems.
Zero-Base Budgeting (ZBB)
Zero-based budgeting is a method of budgeting in which all expenses must be justified and approved for each new period.
Special Assessments
allows a particular group of people to assess the cost of a public improvement.
3 key data sources for economics
US Census, US Bureau Economic Analysis, Longitudinal Employer household Dynamics
Economic Base Multiplier
The ratio of total activity/basic activity
What does a negative regional shift mean?
growth in local employment is LESS than the growth nationally
3 steps to statistical process
- Collect data
- Describe and summarize (descriptive statistics)
- Interpret
What does a histogram show?
Shows the distribution of a variable visualized as a bar chart
Type 1 error
rejecting the null hypothesis when it is correct
Z-score
gives you an idea of how far from the mean a data point is. But more technically it’s a measure of how many standard deviations below or above the population mean a raw score is.
T-test
used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups, which may be related in certain features
What is a chi-squared test?
How well did the predicted values match observations?
Paul Davidoff
Credited with creating advocacy planning.. correcting social injustices
sherry Arrnstein
created ladder of citizen participation. 3 levels of participation:
- Non participation
- Token-ism
- Citizen Power
Saul Alinsky
Motivate community engagement
What is the significance of the Oregon Model?
It was an early use of community based visioning in the planning process.
What are the two main types of E-government?
- Tools for information
2. Tools for interaction
Regressive Tax
taking a larger percentage of income from low-income earners than from high-income earners
What are two examples of local-option taxes that are not property tax?
- local sales tax
2. Individual income taxes
A real estate investment trust
is a company that owns, and in most cases operates, income-producing real estate.
What are the two kinds of bonds?
- General Obligation bonds
2. Revenue Bonds
General Obligation Bonds
are usually used to fund government projects that will serve the public community. is secured by an issuing government’s pledge to use all available resources — even tax revenues — to repay holders of the bond
Revenue Bonds
are supported by a specific revenue source, such as income from a toll road, hospital, or higher-education system
Tax Increment Financing
TIF uses the additional property taxes paid as a result of development in the district to pay for part of the development costs.
Business Improvement District
is a defined area within which businesses are required to pay an additional tax (or levy) in order to fund projects within the district’s boundaries.
Net operating income
NOI equals all revenue from the property, minus all reasonably necessary operating expenses.
What is a “cap rate”?
indicates the rate of return that is expected to be generated on a real estate investment property.
Satisficing
is a decision-making strategy that entails searching through the available alternatives until an acceptability threshold is met.
Herbert Simon
Introduced concept of satisfying
Fiscal Impact Analysis
Estimates impact of a development or land use change on the costs and revenues of governmental services needed to serve the development or land use change
Economic Impact Analysis
focuses on the cash flow to the private sector measured as jobs created.
