Lesson 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology; Cellular Responses to Stress, Injury, and Aging

Question 1

pathology

Answer 1

study of cell/tissue changes due to disease

Question 2

pathophysiology

Answer 2

study of abnormalities in physiology as a result of disease

Question 3

pathogen

Answer 3

any microorganism that causes disease

ex. bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite

Question 4

lesion

Answer 4

the anatomic abnormalities of the disease

ex. open wound, tumour, broken bone

Question 5

disease

Answer 5

a disorder, interruption, or cessation of a body system

outside of the range of homeostasis

Question 6

pathogenesis

Answer 6

the mechanism that causes disease

Question 7

acute onset

Answer 7

sudden onset of disease

Question 8

insidious onset

Answer 8

gradual onset of disease

Question 9

acute illness

Answer 9

sudden, short term illness -> can be severe

Question 10

chronic illness

Answer 10

milder, long-term -> may have remissions/exacerbations

Question 11

subacute

Answer 11

not as severe as acute, shorter than chronic

Question 12

subclinical

Answer 12

no symptoms, disease is at an early stage that is not detectable by patient or routine clinical exams

only would know if they had a disease if they had a disease by doing very sensitive/specific tests

ex. early stage cancer

Question 13

latent stage

Answer 13

an infection has taken place but the pathogen hasn’t replicated yet -> latency ends when person becomes infectious

person has no symptoms

Question 14

incubation stage

Answer 14

only ever refers to an infection

the infection has taken place but no signs or symptoms yet -> ends when there are symptoms

there is usually an overlap with the latency period

Question 15

prodromal period

Answer 15

first time someone is aware of signs or symptoms

Question 16

complication

Answer 16

development of further conditions, usually negative

Question 17

sequelae

Answer 17

permanent or long-term lesions or impairments arising as a result of an acute/chronic condition

ex. someone has diabetes, doesn’t take their meds, develops chronic kidney disease

CKD is the sequelae

Question 18

convalescence/rehab

Answer 18

period of recovery

Question 19

prognosis

Answer 19

predicted outcome

Question 20

morbidity

Answer 20

disease rate

Question 21

mortality

Answer 21

death rate

Question 22

etiology

Answer 22

study of the cause of disease or disorder

Question 23

pathogenesis

Answer 23

the mechanism of the disease -> how it unfolds

Question 24

etiology and pathogenesis

Answer 24

by understanding the cause and effects of a disease/injury we are able to deliver the most effective treatment

Question 25

biopsy

Answer 25

excision and the examination of tissue sample for signs of disease

Question 26

symptoms

Answer 26

subjective

Question 27

signs

Answer 27

objective

Question 28

idiopathic

Answer 28

cause of disease is unknown

Question 29

iatrogenic

Answer 29

treatment/drug may cause a disease or illness

urinary catheters are the most common source for iatrogenic diseases

Question 30

predisposing factors

Answer 30

risk factors

Question 31

epidemiology

Answer 31

the science of tracking the pattern and the occurrence of diseases

helps develop prevention strategies and treatment ex. education/vaccines and drugs

Question 32

endemic

Answer 32

a specific diseases is maintained in a population without an outside source

Question 33

epidemic

Answer 33

a specific disease is occurring at a higher rate than expected within a population

Question 34

pandemic

Answer 34

an infectious disease has spread across boarders/worldwide

Question 35

communicable diseases

Answer 35

infectious

Question 36

notifiable disease in Canada

Answer 36

a disease that regular, frequent and timely information regarding individual cases is considered necessary for the prevention and control of the disease

Question 37

incidence

Answer 37

number of new cases

Question 38

prevalence

Answer 38

number of new and old cases

Question 39

drug development stage 0

Answer 39

combinatorial chemistry

purify a natural or synthetic compound to get the specific chemical/substance that you desire

Question 40

drug development stage 1

Answer 40

basic lab science (cell or animal studies)

dose-dependant study -> mortality study and effectiveness study -> put the compound into the cells at different doses

cells first, then animals

Question 41

drug development stage 2

Answer 41

small number of humans