Lesson 1: Introduction to Geohazard Flashcards
a process/phenomenon that may pose a threat to human lives and/or properties
hazard
are geological processes or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage
geohazards
The potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged assets which could occur to a system, society or a community in aspecific period of time, determined probabilistically as a function of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and capacity
risk
A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts
disaster
disasters defined as one that emerges gradually over time
slow-onset disaster
examples of slow-onset disasters
drought, desertification, sea-level rise
disasters triggered by a hazardous event that emerges quickly or unexpectedly
sudden-onset disasters
examples of sudden-onset disaster
earthquake, volcanic eruption, flash flood
Related to the spatial aspects of hazard; the tendency of an area to undergo the effects of hazards
susceptibility
Degree to which the elements at risk are likely to experience hazard events of different magnitudes/scales
susceptibility
It is the ability of a population to cope and/or prepare to the effects or impacts of a particular hazard.
adaptive capacity
Is the degree or inability to resist to the effects/impacts of hazard or to respond when a disaster has occurred
vulnerability
vulnerability is a function of what
exposure/susceptibility, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity
generally processes that pose threat to life or property
natural hazards
most commonly occurring hazards in the philippines (top 5)
- earthquakes
- volcanic eruptions
- floods
- mass wasting
- tsunami
5 other natural hazards
- subsidence
- drought
- typhoons
- tornadoes
- asteroid impacts
if we cannot eliminate hazards, what can be done?
minimize it, thus minimize the risk
how to minimize risk of hazards
- understand the processes that operate, i.e. energy required for the process
- develop mitigation measures
disasters that are directly generated by humans, such as oil and toxic material spills, pollution, massive automobile or train wrecks, airplane crashes, and human induced explosions, are ?
technological disasters
what are the 3 questions you always need to ask for a possible natural disaster
- where is it likely to happen and why?
- how often do they develop to disasters?
- how can they be predicted/mitigated?
3 types of natural hazards
- geologic hazards
- atmospheric/hydrometeorologic hazards
- others
are also natural hazards but processes operating in the atmosphere are mainly responsible
atmospheric/hydrometeorologic hazards
examples of atmospheric/hydrometeorologic hazards
typhoons,
tornadoes,
lightning and thunderstorms,
droughts
3 examples of other natural hazards not geological or atmospheric
- insect infestation
- disease/viruses
- wildfires
These are hazards that occur as a result of human interaction with the environment.
anthropogenic hazards
hazards that occur due to exposure to hazardous substances, such as radon, mercury, asbestos fibers, and coal dust
technological hazards
other examples of technological hazards
hazards that have formed only through human interaction, such as
1. acid rain, and contamination of the atmosphere
2. surface waters with harmful substances,
3. potential for human destruction of the ozone layer
4. global warming
3 effects of hazards
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
kind of hazard effect that occurs as a result of the process itself.
primary effect
kind of hazard effect that occurs only because a primary effect has caused them
secondary effect
kind of hazard effect that are long-term effects that are set off as a result of a primary event
tertiary effect
example of primary hazard effect
> water damage due to a flood
collapse of buildings due to an earthquake, landslide, typhoon, or tornado
example of secondary hazard effect
> fires ignited by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions
disruption of electrical power and water service as a result of an earthquake or flood
flooding caused by a landslide moving into a lake or river
example of tertiary hazard effect
> loss of habitat caused by a flood
permanent changes in the position of river channel caused by flood
crop failure caused by a volcanic eruption etc.
Hazard Assessment consists of determining the following 5 points
-when and where have theses processes occurred in the past
-severity o f physical effects (magnitude)
-frequency of the process
-the likely effects if it were to happen now
-how to make the info available in a useful form to planners and public officials for decision making
Involves not only the assessment of hazards from a scientific point of view, but also the socio-economic impacts of a hazardous event
risk assessment
how to calculate for risk
Risk = (probability that the hazard will happen) x (expected impacts)
A statement of probability that an event will occur based on scientific observation
prediction
usually involves monitoring of the process in order to identify some kind of precursor event(s) - an anomalous small physical change that may be known to lead to a more devastating event
prediction
what can be predicted?
volcanic eruptions
refers to short-term prediction in terms of the magnitude, location, date, and time of an event
forecast
what can be forecasted
floods, hurricanes, other weather related phenomena
a statement that a high probability of a hazardous event will occur, based on a prediction or forecast.
warning
rainfall warning by PAGASA meaning malakas ang pag-ulan sa loob ng 1 oras at susunod pa ng 2 oras
yellow warning -monitor
rainfall warning by PAGASA meaning matindi ang pag-ulan sa loob ng 1 oras at susunod pa ng 2 oras
orange warning -alerto
rainfall warning by PAGASA meaning walang humpay ang pag-ulan sa loob ng 1 oras at susunod pa ng 2 oras
red warning -lumikas
what does effectiveness of warning depend on?
- timeliness
2, effective communication and public info systems for informing the public about imminent danger - credibility of source
full PAGASA
Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration
full PHIVOLCS
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
full MGB
Mines and Geosciences Bureau
full NDRRMC
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
The hydrosphere – the surface and near-surface waters of the Earth – is made of what type of water
meteoric water
the circulation of meteoric water through the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and upper parts of the crust.
water cycle
water associated with magma production and the rock cycle
juvenile water
water held in hydrous minerals and pore spaces.
connate water
involves the circulation and exchange of elements and minerals within the ecosphere and its environment
biochemical cycle
