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Clinical Parasitology > Lesson 1: INTRODUCTION > Flashcards

Lesson 1: INTRODUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

A branch of biology that is focused on the animal parasites of humans and their significance to public health

A

Medical Parasitology

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2
Q

Obtaining food at the expense of others

A

Parasitos

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3
Q

What are the 2 ways parasites can make food?

A

○ Predation
(Predator and Prey) – attacker and victim
○ Scavenging
(Scavenger) – the parasites feed off from dead animals.
Utilize dead animals for food.

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4
Q

A type of host that harbors the adult or sexually mature stage of parasite

A

Definitive/Final Host

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5
Q

An example of parasite that completes its life cycle on human (Final Host)

A

Filariasis

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6
Q

A type of host that harbors the larval stage or asexual forms of the parasite. Only needs you to grow but the parasite will need to transfer to another
host to complete their life cycle.

A

Intermediate Host

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7
Q

An example of specie that recognize snail (Zombie Snail) as their intermediate host

A

Trematodes

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8
Q

Considered as the special stage. A type of host that harbors underdeveloped stage/arrested stage of development

A

Paratenic Host

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9
Q

An example of specie that recognize wild boar as their Paratenic host. Its original intermediate host is crab

A

Paragonomiasis (Paragonimus westermani)

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10
Q

Alternative host to a parasite that is harbored normally by humans

A

Reservoir Host

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11
Q

Its reservoir host is pigs

A

Balantidium coli

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12
Q

It is when some parasite’s mode of transmission is when you ingest contaminated food or water by fecal matter (example: Mosquito)

A

MECHANICAL VECTOR

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13
Q

Non-arthropod mechanical vector are known as

A

Paratenic Host

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14
Q

Organisms that depend on the host for survival

A

Parasite

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15
Q

An OBLIGATE parasite that cannot survive without a host.

It is a protozoan that is usually obtained from contaminated food and water.

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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16
Q

A FACULTATIVE parasite that can be free living, but if there’s an available host then they can enter that human host and cause disease

A

Acanthamoeba castellani

(can cause keratitis)

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17
Q

A TEMPORARY parasite that only need a host for a specific part of their life cycle, but after
that they can survive as free-living organisms.

A

Fasciola hepatica

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18
Q

An INTERMITTENT parasite that is not a protozoa, it only needs a host when they are hungry and need food, if they
don’t need food then they don’t need to stick with the host

A

Mosquito

(other example of intermittent is Ticks and surot)

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19
Q

the living together of unlike organisms

A

Symbiosis

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20
Q

a symbiotic
relationship in which two species live together and one species benefits from the relationship
without harming or benefiting the other.

A

Commensalism

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21
Q

An example of specie with commensalism relationship found in the intestinal lumen that supply nourishment

A

Entamoeba coli

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22
Q

a symbiosis in which two organisms mutually benefit from each other

A

Mutualism

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23
Q

An example of specie with mutualism relationship that has flagellates in its digestive system that synthesize cellulase to aid in the breakdown of ingested wood

A

Termites

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24
Q

a symbiotic
relationship where one organism, the parasite, lives in or on another, depending on the latter for its survival and usually at the expense of the
host.

A

Parasitism

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25
Q

It has a parasitism relationship where in it derives nutrition from the human host and causes amebic dysentery

A

Entamoeba
histolytica

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26
Q

A parasite with a habitat that needs to survive inside the host. It may be in the bloodstream or blood circulation (infection)

A

Endoparasite (Within the host)

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27
Q

A parasite with a habitat that only survives outside the host (infestation)

A

Ectoparasite (Outside the host)

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28
Q

It is when the unusual place or habitat wherein parasites are found in their unusual place or outside of their
normal habitat.

A

Erratic

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29
Q

It has an erratic habitat that is normally found in the intestinal tract of the patient such as
the large and small intestines, but sometimes they can be in other parts of the body.

A

Helminth

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30
Q

When protozoans are able to multiply in fecal matter outside the human
body

A

Coprophilic (fecal loving)

“copro” = feces

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31
Q

A parasite that lives inside red blood cells

A

Hematozoic

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32
Q

Known to be Hematozoic

A

Malarial parasites / plasmodium parasite

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33
Q

A parasite that lives inside cells or tissues

A

Cytozoic

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34
Q

A parasite that lives in body cavities

A

Coelozoic

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35
Q

An example of Coelozoic parasite

A

Mansonella spp.

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36
Q

A parasite residing in the intestines

A

Enterozoic

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37
Q

An adaptation where in they lost some enzymes to further perform their roles as parasites.

A

Physiologic Adaptation

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38
Q

An adaptation where in they developed morphological features such as gaining cilia
and suckers (Encystation). The loss of organs

A

Morphologic Adaptation

39
Q

An adaptation where in there is an Alteration of metabolic pathways

A

Biochemical Changes

40
Q

Inability of parasites to synthesize certain cellular components and the need of the parasite to obtain these from a host

A

STREAMLINING

41
Q

A trematode that can obstruct the intestines

A

Fasciolopsis buski
(suckers)

42
Q

A protozoa/amoeba that destroys tissue in the intestinal wall

A

Entamoeba histolytica
(enzymes)

43
Q

An apicomplexian that is hematozoic in nature and destroys RBC which can cause ischemia and malaria

A

Plasmodium falciparum

44
Q

A nematode (roundworm) that create holes in the intestinal wall and perforates the bowel wall

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

45
Q

A Nematodes (roundworm) that cause Microcytic hypochromic anemia

A

Human hookworms
(N. americanus and A. duodenale)

46
Q

A Cestode (tapeworm) that causes Megaloblastic anemia

A

Dibothriocephalus latus

47
Q

can determine your resistance or susceptibility to plasmodium, the malarial parasite.

A

Blood type

48
Q

What causes the appearance of amoebiasis symptoms and making you
more susceptible to intestinal protozoan infection, or more susceptible to
amoebiasis.

A

when host has Low protein diet

49
Q

What favors developmental of tapeworms?

A

Host with rich carbohydrate diet

50
Q

With this diet, you are not favorable of developing intestinal protozoa

A

High protein diet

51
Q

Having this trait makes you resistant to Plasmodium falciparum (P.
falciparum)

A

Sickle cell trait

52
Q

What makes a host resistant to Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax)

A

Duffy null phenotype
(duffy blood group)

53
Q

A subphyla of phylum sarcomastigophora that moves by means of flagella. It inhabits the tissues

A

Mastigophora or flagellates

54
Q

Flagellates found in the alimentary canal that are pathogenic

A

Giardia lamblia and Dientamoeba fragilis

55
Q

An example of sarcodina (subphyla of phylum sarcomastigophora) that is an important pathogen

A

Entamoeba histolytica

56
Q

A phylum apicomplexa found in the mucosa of the intestinal tract

A

Isospora, Cyclospora, Cryptosporidium, and Sarcocystis

57
Q

A phylum apicomplexa found in various organs and tissues

A

Taxoplasma and Sarcocystis

58
Q

A phylum that rarely cause disease in immunocompetent persons but may affect immunosuppressed persons

A

Phylum microsporidia

59
Q

The only ciliate parasite of human found in the intestinal tract

A

Balantidium coli

60
Q

A phylum where male are smaller than female. The male has copulatory structures like spicule or bursa

A

Phylum Nemathelminthes

61
Q

Parasite acquired from soils through ingestion

A

Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura

62
Q

Parasite acquired from soils through skin penetration

A

Hookworm, Stronglyoides stercoralis

63
Q

A vector that transmits the parasite only after it has completed its
development within the host. A carrier and growth

A

Biological Vector

64
Q

What parasite does the tsetse fly carry?

A

Trypanosoma brucei

Stage: Trypomastigote (hemoflagellate)
Causes: Sleeping Disease

65
Q

What parasite does the mosquito carry?

A
  1. Plasmodium spp.

Stage: Trophozoite

  1. Wuchereria bancrofti

Stage: Microfilaria
(nematode)

66
Q

What parasite does the Reduviid Bug carry?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi
Stage: Trypomastigote

67
Q

What parasite does the Sand-fly carry?

A

Leishmania spp. Stage: Amastigote

68
Q

What parasite does the Ticks carry?

A

Babesia microti
Stage: Trophozoite

69
Q

What parasite does these vectors carry

● Snails –
● Black fly –
● Fruit fly –
● Copepods –

A

● Snails – Schistosoma spp.
● Black fly – Onchocerca volvulus
● Fruit fly – Loa loa
● Copepods – Dracunculis
medinensis

70
Q

Parasites found in pork

A

Taenia solium (tapeworm)

Trichinella spiralis (nematode)

Toxoplasma gondii (protozoa)

71
Q

Parasites found in beef

A

Taenia saginata (Beef tapeworm,
cestode)

72
Q

Parasites found in Fish/Crabs

A

Trematodes

  1. Heterophyes heterophyes
  2. Clonorchis spp.
  3. Opistorchis spp.
  4. Paragonimus westermani (host: wild boar)
73
Q

Parasites found in Vegetable

A

Flukes, trematodes

Fasciola spp.
Fasciolopsis buski

74
Q

Parasites found in Water

A

protozoans

  1. Intestinal Amoeba
  2. Intestinal flagellates
  3. Intestinal Coccidian

Most Infective in cyst stage

75
Q

Parasite obtained through sexual contact

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

76
Q

Parasite known as the society worm which is very easily transmitted through skin contact

A

Enterobius vermicularis (Roundworm/nematode)

77
Q

A situation where the anus itch at night because Enterobius vermicularis lays
eggs at night

A

Nocturnal perianal pruritis

78
Q

Life stages of METAZOAN PARASITE

A

○ Ova – if the germ cell is within the uterus of the adult parasite.

○ Egg – if it’s already outside of the uterus of the adult parasite.

○ Larvae – is the young form of the worm.

○ Adult – mature form of the helminth or the parasitic worm.

79
Q

Life stages of PROTOZOAN PARASITE

A

Cyst – refers to the non-motile stage of the protozoan, non-feeding and resistant to harsh environment

Trophozoites – refers to the motile stage of the protozoan
○ Feeding or active stage of the parasite
○ Can move around

80
Q

Transformation from trophozoite to cyst stage

A

Encystation

81
Q

Transformation from cyst to trophozoite stage

A

Excystation

82
Q

Metazoan sexual reproduction when the parasite produces eggs that hatch outside the
mother

A

Oviparous

83
Q

Metazoan sexual reproduction when the egg hatch while still inside the adult
worm

A

Ovoviviparous

84
Q

Metazoan sexual reproduction when the adult worm bears larvae directly

A

Larviparous

85
Q

What is the mode of reproduction of most protozoans

A

Binary fission (Asexual)

86
Q

What parasite can invade through Trans mammary route such as breast milk and through transplacental or vertical transmission

A

Toxoplasma gondii

87
Q

Parasites that may enter through mouth

A

○ Embryonated Egg – Ascaris, Trichuris

○ Cyst – Entamoeba histolytica

○ Metacercaria – Fasciola spp.

○ Trophozoite – Entamoeba gingivalis

(stage - specie)

88
Q

Parasites that may enter through skin (arthropods)

A

○ Filariform Larvae – Hookworm and Strongyloides stercoralis

○ Cercaria – Schistosoma japonicum (Fluke, skin)

○ Sporozoites – Plasmodium spp.
(mosquito)

○ Trypomastigote – Trypanosoma spp.
(Tsetse fly)

(stage-specie)

89
Q

Parasites that may enter through intranasal

A

Naegleria fowleri (stage: Trophozoite) – found in the bodies of water and may cause brain damage and death

90
Q

Ascaris, Trichuris, Hookworm, Taenia, and Entamoeba can exit through

A

Stool

91
Q

Plasmodium spp., Wuchereria, Trypanosoma can exit through

A

Blood

(Malarial parasites or Plasmodium spp.: can only exit your system if another mosquito feeds and ingests the malarial parasites)

92
Q

Paragonimus and Ascaris may exit through

A

Sputum

93
Q

Schistosoma haematobium and Trichomonas vaginalis can exit through

A

Urine

94
Q

number of worms per infected person

A

Intensity of Infection

Clinical Parasitology (2 decks)

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