Lesson 1 Intro To Chem Flashcards
study of matter and the changes it undergoes.
Chemistry
The production of metals from ores (ores=rocks or minerals), the manufacture of pottery, brewing, and the preparation of dyes and drugs are ancient arts.
Practical Arts (— to 600 B.C.)
proves that the inhabitants of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (in the area of modern Iraq and eastern Syria between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers) were skilled in these crafts, but how and when the crafts first developed are not known.
Archeological evidence
These arts, which are chemical processes, became highly developed during this period.
Practical Arts (— to 600 B.C.)
This period marks the beginning of the philosophical or theoretical aspect of chemistry.
Greek Theory (600 B.C. to 300 B.C.)
Two theories of the Greeks became very important in the centuries that followed:
(1)A concept that all substances found on earth are composed of four elements (earth, air, fire, and water) in various proportions originated with Greek philosophers of this period.
(2)A theory that matter consists of separate and distinct units called atoms was proposed by Leucippus and extended by Democritus in the fifth century B.C.
proposed that the atoms of one element differ in shape from the atoms of another.
Plato
he believed that atoms of one element could be changed (or transmuted) into atoms of another by changing the shape of atoms.
Plato
(who did not believe in the existence of atoms) proposed that the elements, and therefore all substances, are composed of the same primary matter and they differ not only the shape but also the qualities (such as color and hardness) that distinguish one substance from others.
Aristotle
He proposed that changes in form constantly occur in nature and that all material things grow and develop from immature forms to adult forms.
Aristotle
The philosophical tradition of ancient Greece and the craft tradition of ancient Egypt met in Alexandria, Egypt (the city founded by Alexander the Great in 331 B.C.)
Alchemy (300 B.C. to 1650 A.D.)
The philosophical content of alchemy incorporated elements of ___________ and __________ into the theories of the earlier Greeks.
astrology (prophecy) & mysticism (religion or spirituality)
dominant interest of the alchemists was
transmutation of base metals, such as iron and lead, into gold.
powerful transmuting agent called
philosopher’s stone.
In the ______________ the Arabs conquered the centers of Hellenistic civilization (including Egypt in 640 A.D.), and alchemy passed into their hands.
seventh century A.D.
The Arabs called the philosopher’s stone _______ (which was later altered into ________).
Aliksir - Elixir
the two principal goals of alchemy were the
(1)transmutation of base metals into gold and,
(2)the discovery of an elixir of life that could make humans immortal by preventing death.
In the ________ and __________, alchemy was gradually introduced into Europe by translation of Arabic works into Latin.
twelfth and thirteenth century
Alchemy lasted until the ___________.
17th century
The work of ___________, who published The Sceptical Chymist in 1661,
Robert Boyle
He emphasized that chemical theory should be derived from experimental evidence.
Robert Boyle
Who formulated Phlogiston theory?
Georg Ernst Stahl
Theory that had dominated chemistry throughout most of the 18th century
The phlogiston theory
was believed to function in combustion by carrying off the phlogiston as it was released.
Air
The combustion of wood according to the phlogiston theory:
wood → ashes + phlogiston (removed by air).
________, therefore, was believed to be a compound composed of ashes and phlogiston.
Wood
Readily combustible materials were thought to be rich in phlogiston. The actual reaction is:
wood + oxygen gas (from air) →ashes + oxygen-containing gases (CO2)
