Lesson 1: Gas Exchange Flashcards
Why do larger multi-cellular organisms need exchange systems?
- small surface area to volume ratio
- cells in the centre of the organisms would not receive anything using only diffusion.
- higher metabolic rate
what are five characteristics of specialised exchange surfaces in animals?
- concentration gradient
- Large Surface Area
- Thin layers
- Moist surface
- Permeability
How is having a large surface area an adaptation for efficient gas exchange?
a large area that gas exchange can occur over.
How is having thin layers an adaptation for efficient gas exchange?
short diffusion path
How is having a good blood supply an adaptation for efficient gas exchange?
maintain a large diffusion gradient, constant diffusion
How is having a moist surface an adaptation for efficient gas exchange?
dissolves gas
How is ventilation an adaptation for efficient gas exchange?
maintains diffusion gradient
How is permeability an adaptation for efficient gas exchange?
pores and openings
What adaptations do animals have to maintain a steep concentration gradient at exchange surfaces?
- A dense network of blood vessels
- Continuous blood flow
- Ventilation
describe the nasal cavity
- large SA & good blood supply = warms air to body temperature
- hairy lining = traps bacteria and dust
- moist = increases humidity and reduces evaporation
describe the trachea
- c shape cartilage rings = prevents collapse and allows food down oesophagus
- mucus membrane lining produces mucus to trap dust and bacteria
- smooth muscle to regulate air flow
describe the bronchioles
- small diameter slows air flow = more time for gas exchange in the alveoli.
- high degree of branching also ensures that air is distributed throughout the lungs.
describe alveoli
- made up of collagen, elastic fibres and flattened epithelial cells.
- elastic fibers recoil removing air from alveoli
describe surfactant
- dissolves gasses
- reduces surface tension, preventing collapse
What are the adaptations of alveolis for efficient gas exchange?
- Large surface area: numerous + folded
- Short diffusion distance: one cell thin
- Large concentration gradient: surround by an extensive network of capillaries and regular ventilation