Lesson 1: Functions of the Nervous System

Question 1

an instrument used by eye specialists to visualize the retina & the blood vessels in it thru the pupil.

Answer 1

Ophthalmoscope

Question 2

the study of the structure, functions & diseases of the eyes.

Answer 2

Ophthalmology

Question 3

a physician who specializes in the diagnosis & treatment of eye disorders

Answer 3

Ophthalmologist

Question 4

a licensed specialist who examines & tests the eyes for visual defects

Answer 4

Optometrist

Question 5

a technician who fits/adjusts lenses with the prescription of an optometrist/ophthalmologist.

Answer 5

Optician

Question 6

is the means by which the brain receives information from the ‘outside world’.

Answer 6

Senses

Question 7

is anything from the inside or outside the body that can cause a response in a nerve, muscle, gland or other tissue.

Answer 7

Stimulus

Question 8

is the conscious awareness of stimuli received.

Answer 8

Sensation or Perception

Question 9

is a peripheral ending of the functional dendrites of afferent neurons.

Answer 9

Sensory Receptors

Question 10

is a group of structures which convert the energy of a stimulus into sensation.

Answer 10

Sensory Assemblage

Question 11

the capability of the eye(s) to focus and detect images of visible light on photoreceptors in the retina of each eye that generates electrical nerve impulses for varying colors, hues, and brightness.

Answer 11

Vision

Question 12

the sense of sound perception.

Answer 12

Hearing

Question 13

refers to the capability to detect the taste of substances such as food, certain minerals, and poisons, etc.

Answer 13

Taste

Question 14

the other “chemical” sense; odor molecules possess a variety of features and, thus, excite specific receptors more or less strongly; this combination of excitatory signals from different receptors makes up what we perceive as the molecule’s smell.

Answer 14

Smell

Question 15

also called tactition or mechanoreception, is a perception resulting from activation of neural receptors, generally in the skin including hair follicles, but also in the tongue, throat, and mucosa.

Answer 15

Touch

Question 16

3 components of Sensory Assemblage:

Answer 16

Receptor
Pathway to the Brain
Sensory Area

Question 17

transforms the energy of the stimulus to an electrical form

Answer 17

Receptor

Question 18

these are peripheral nerves thru which impulses can be conducted

Answer 18

Pathway to the Brain

Question 19

in the cerebral cortex is where nerve impulses give rise to sensation

Answer 19

Sensory Area

Question 20

2 groups of sensory modalities:

Answer 20

General Senses
Special Senses

Question 21

refer to both somatic senses and visceral senses. It is more widely distributed throughout the body. It involves the sense of touch, pain, pressure, temperature, vibration, and proprioception.

Answer 21

General Senses

Question 22

include tactile sensations (touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle), thermal sensations (warm and cold), pain sensations, and proprioceptive sensations.

Answer 22

Somatic Senses

Question 23

provide information about conditions within internal organs. Example: pressure, stretch, chemicals, nausea, hunger, and temperature.

Answer 23

Visceral Sensations

Question 24

It includes the sensory modalities of smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium or balance.

Answer 24

Special Senses

Question 25

PROCESS OF SENSATION: The stimulus must occur within the receptive field of the sensory receptors. This receptive field is that part of the sensory receptor that is capable of responding to stimulus

Answer 25

Stimulation of the Sensory Receptors

Question 26

PROCESS OF SENSATION: When a sensory receptor is stimulated, it converts a stimulus into a graded potential=a small deviation/change from the membrane potential that makes the membrane either more polarized (more-) or less polarized (less-) each type of sensory receptor can convert only 1 kind of stimulus.

Answer 26

Transduction of the Stimulus

Question 27

PROCESS OF SENSATION: After a sensory receptor has converted a certain stimulus, an impulse is generated. Thus when a graded potential in a sensory neuron reaches a threshold, it triggers one or more nerve impulses, which then propagate toward the CNS

Answer 27

Generation of an Impulse

Question 28

PROCESS OF SENSATION: Upon an impulse has reached the brain, integration of sensory input happens

Answer 28

Integration of Sensory Input

Question 29

CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS: It is located at or near the external surface of the body. It is sensitive to stimuli from outside the body.

Answer 29

Exteroceptors

Question 30

CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS: They are located in muscles, tendons, joints, and the inner ear.

Answer 30

Proprioceptors/deep/kinesthetic receptors

Question 30

CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS: It is responsible in monitoring the internal environment. Primarily located in blood vessels, visceral organs, nervous system

Answer 30

Enteroceptors

Question 31

CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS: They respond to stimuli that are far from the body. It include exteroceptors located in the eyes, nose & ears.

Answer 31

Teleceptors

Question 32

CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS: They detect chemicals in the mouth (they help in detecting what kind of taste the food has); nose (smell); body fluids (respond to changes in the chemical composition of the body fluids: ex: increase in pH, electrolyte level.

Answer 32

Chemoreceptors

Question 32

CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS: These are free nerve endings found in every tissue of the body except the brain. They respond to all stimuli producing pain sensation.

Answer 32

Nociceptors

Question 33

CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS: They detect change in temp.

Answer 33

Thermoreceptors

Question 34

CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS: They detect mechanical stimuli; provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, and hearing and equilibrium; also monitor the stretching of blood vessels and internal organs.

Answer 34

Mechanoceptors

Question 35

CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS: They detect light that strikes the retina.

Answer 35

Photoreceptors

Question 36

CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS: They respond to changes in BP

Answer 36

Baroreceptors

Question 37

7 CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSATION:

Answer 37

Projection After Image/ After Discharge Adaptation Localization Masking Affect/Feeling Tone Modality/Intensity

Question 38

CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSATION: What is sensed at a certain part of the body thru the sensory receptors, is directed/projected to the brain thru the transmission of impulses & the brain then sends back what info it has processed to the part or source of stimulation

Answer 38

Projection

Question 39

CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSATION: It is the ability to perpetuate sensation despite cessation of stimulation.

Answer 39

After Image / After Discharge

Question 40

CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSATION: (opposite of after image). It is the absence of sensation despite the continuous stimulation.

Answer 40

Adaptation

Question 41

CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSATION: (point). It is the ability to recognize the point of stimulation.

Answer 41

Localization

Question 42

CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSATION: It is the ability to camouflage sensation.

Answer 42

Masking

Question 43

CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSATION: It is the effects of sensation, whether pleasant or not.

Answer 43

Affect / Feeling Tone

Question 43

CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSATION: It refers to the sensory receptors for the different sense organs are specific.

Answer 43

Modality / Intensity