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special senses > Lesson 1: Functions of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Lesson 1: Functions of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

an instrument used by eye specialists to visualize the retina & the blood vessels in it thru the pupil.

A

Ophthalmoscope

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2
Q

the study of the structure, functions & diseases of the eyes.

A

Ophthalmology

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3
Q

a physician who specializes in the diagnosis & treatment of eye disorders

A

Ophthalmologist

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4
Q

a licensed specialist who examines & tests the eyes for visual defects

A

Optometrist

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5
Q

a technician who fits/adjusts lenses with the prescription of an optometrist/ophthalmologist.

A

Optician

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6
Q

is the means by which the brain receives information from the ‘outside world’.

A

Senses

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7
Q

is anything from the inside or outside the body that can cause a response in a nerve, muscle, gland or other tissue.

A

Stimulus

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8
Q

is the conscious awareness of stimuli received.

A

Sensation or Perception

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9
Q

is a peripheral ending of the functional dendrites of afferent neurons.

A

Sensory Receptors

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10
Q

is a group of structures which convert the energy of a stimulus into sensation.

A

Sensory Assemblage

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11
Q

the capability of the eye(s) to focus and detect images of visible light on photoreceptors in the retina of each eye that generates electrical nerve impulses for varying colors, hues, and brightness.

A

Vision

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12
Q

the sense of sound perception.

A

Hearing

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13
Q

refers to the capability to detect the taste of substances such as food, certain minerals, and poisons, etc.

A

Taste

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14
Q

the other “chemical” sense; odor molecules possess a variety of features and, thus, excite specific receptors more or less strongly; this combination of excitatory signals from different receptors makes up what we perceive as the molecule’s smell.

A

Smell

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15
Q

also called tactition or mechanoreception, is a perception resulting from activation of neural receptors, generally in the skin including hair follicles, but also in the tongue, throat, and mucosa.

A

Touch

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16
Q

3 components of Sensory Assemblage:

A

Receptor
Pathway to the Brain
Sensory Area

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17
Q

transforms the energy of the stimulus to an electrical form

A

Receptor

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18
Q

these are peripheral nerves thru which impulses can be conducted

A

Pathway to the Brain

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19
Q

in the cerebral cortex is where nerve impulses give rise to sensation

A

Sensory Area

20
Q

2 groups of sensory modalities:

A

General Senses
Special Senses

21
Q

refer to both somatic senses and visceral senses. It is more widely distributed throughout the body. It involves the sense of touch, pain, pressure, temperature, vibration, and proprioception.

A

General Senses

22
Q

include tactile sensations (touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle), thermal sensations (warm and cold), pain sensations, and proprioceptive sensations.

A

Somatic Senses

23
Q

provide information about conditions within internal organs. Example: pressure, stretch, chemicals, nausea, hunger, and temperature.

A

Visceral Sensations

24
Q

It includes the sensory modalities of smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium or balance.

A

Special Senses

25
Q

PROCESS OF SENSATION:
The stimulus must occur within the receptive field of the sensory receptors. This receptive field is that part of the sensory receptor that is capable of responding to stimulus

A

Stimulation of the Sensory Receptors

26
Q

PROCESS OF SENSATION:
When a sensory receptor is stimulated, it converts a stimulus into a graded potential=a small deviation/change from the membrane potential that makes the membrane either more polarized (more-) or less polarized (less-) each type of sensory receptor can convert only 1 kind of stimulus.

A

Transduction of the Stimulus

27
Q

PROCESS OF SENSATION:
After a sensory receptor has converted a certain stimulus, an impulse is generated. Thus when a graded potential in a sensory neuron reaches a threshold, it triggers one or more nerve impulses, which then propagate toward the CNS

A

Generation of an Impulse

28
Q

PROCESS OF SENSATION:
Upon an impulse has reached the brain, integration of sensory input happens

A

Integration of Sensory Input

29
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS:
It is located at or near the external surface of the body. It is sensitive to stimuli from outside the body.

A

Exteroceptors

30
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS:
They are located in muscles, tendons, joints, and the inner ear.

A

Proprioceptors/deep/kinesthetic receptors

30
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS:
It is responsible in monitoring the internal environment. Primarily located in blood vessels, visceral organs, nervous system

A

Enteroceptors

31
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS:
They respond to stimuli that are far from the body. It include exteroceptors located in the eyes, nose & ears.

A

Teleceptors

32
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS:
They detect chemicals in the mouth (they help in detecting what kind of taste the food has); nose (smell); body fluids (respond to changes in the chemical composition of the body fluids: ex: increase in pH, electrolyte level.

A

Chemoreceptors

32
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS:
These are free nerve endings found in every tissue of the body except the brain. They respond to all stimuli producing pain sensation.

A

Nociceptors

33
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS:
They detect change in temp.

A

Thermoreceptors

34
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS:
They detect mechanical stimuli; provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, and hearing and equilibrium; also monitor the stretching of blood vessels and internal organs.

A

Mechanoceptors

35
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS:
They detect light that strikes the retina.

A

Photoreceptors

36
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS:
They respond to changes in BP

A

Baroreceptors

37
Q

7 CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSATION:

A

Projection
After Image/ After Discharge
Adaptation
Localization
Masking
Affect/Feeling Tone
Modality/Intensity

38
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSATION:
What is sensed at a certain part of the body thru the sensory receptors, is directed/projected to the brain thru the transmission of impulses & the brain then sends back what info it has processed to the part or source of stimulation

A

Projection

39
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSATION:
It is the ability to perpetuate sensation despite cessation of stimulation.

A

After Image / After Discharge

40
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSATION:
(opposite of after image). It is the absence of sensation despite the continuous stimulation.

A

Adaptation

41
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSATION:
(point). It is the ability to recognize the point of stimulation.

A

Localization

42
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSATION:
It is the ability to camouflage sensation.

A

Masking

43
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSATION:
It is the effects of sensation, whether pleasant or not.

A

Affect / Feeling Tone

43
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSATION:
It refers to the sensory receptors for the different sense organs are specific.

A

Modality / Intensity

special senses (2 decks)

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