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BIO 3: GENETICS > Lesson 1: Cell as the Basic Unit of Life > Flashcards

Lesson 1: Cell as the Basic Unit of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

some species of bacteria have this protective third covering. It is made up of polysaccharides. Its most important role is to keep the cell from drying out and from phagocytosis by larger microorganisms.

A

CAPSULE

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2
Q

a rigid structure composed of peptidoglycan that surrounds, supports, and protects the cell from the environment.

A

CELL WALL

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3
Q

encloses the interior of the bacterium, regulating the flow of materials in and out of the cell; a selective barrier.

A

CELL MEMBRANE

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4
Q

a region of cytoplasm where the chromosomal DNA is located, contains the genes
that controls the cell.

A

NUCLEOID

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5
Q

a gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases. It is where the functions for cell growth, metabolism, and replication are carried out.

A

CYTOPLASM

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6
Q

they translate the genetic code from the molecular language of nuclei acids to
amino acids – the building blocks of proteins. (protein-synthesis).

A

RIBOSOMES

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7
Q

smaller circular auxiliary DNA strands found in the cytoplasm

A

PLASMID

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8
Q

(singular, flagellum) are hair-like structure that provides locomotion for those bacteria that have them. It beat in a propeller-like motion.

A

FLAGELLA

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9
Q

are whip-like structure that provides locomotion for those bacteria that have them; it beats in a propeller-like motion.

A

FLAGELLA

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10
Q

these outgrowths assist the bacteria in attaching to other cells and surfaces such as teeth, intestines, and rocks.

A

PILI

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11
Q

these outgrowths assist the bacteria in attaching to other cells and surfaces
such as teeth, intestines, and rocks.

A

PILI

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12
Q

main component of plant cell wall

A

CELLULOSE

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13
Q

main component of bacterial cell wall

A

PEPTIDOGLYCAN

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14
Q

main component of fungi cell wall

A

CHITIN AND GLUCAN

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15
Q

structures in cells that performs specific functions.

A

ORGANELLES

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16
Q

three main parts of the cell

A

CELL MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM, GENETIC MATERIAL

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17
Q

semi-permeable; controls what molecules are allowed in and out of the cell; a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded on it.

A

CELL MEMBRANE

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18
Q

the jelly-like matrix which house all the structural organelles of the cell; also known as “cytosol”; contains Hyaloplasm

A

CYTOPLASM

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19
Q

the liquid portion of the cytosol, it does not occupy any structural organelles.

A

HYALOPLASM

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20
Q

a small particle which can be found floating free or
attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum; site of protein synthesis; link amino acids depending on the sequence specified by the codons located in messenger RNA, in order to form polypeptide chains

A

RIBOSOME

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21
Q

a continuous membrane system that creates an order of flattened sacs which plays a vital role in synthesis, modification, and transport of proteins

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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22
Q

large folded membrane system with attached ribosomes; helps in folding and modifying the protein produced by ribosomes; presence of ribosomes; folding and modifying of proteins

A

ROUGH ER

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23
Q

large folded membrane system without ribosomes; puts together or production of lipids and is important in making new membrane

A

SMOOTH ER

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24
Q

receives product from the endoplasmic reticulum and adds final modification; it also sorts these products and sends them to their final destination; responsible for storing, modifying, packaging, and transporting lipids, proteins, and other materials within the cells

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

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25
Q

“powerhouse of the cell”; converts glucose into ATP; “cristae” – folded inner partitions inside the mitochondrion; site of cellular respiration contains a small amount of genetic information inherited from only the mother

A

MITOCHONDRION

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26
Q

present in plant cells only; use the energy from the sunlight to form glucose molecules from CO2 and H2O.

A

CHLOROPLAST

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27
Q

a membrane enclosed bag of digestive juices; breaks down large molecules and old parts; “suicide bag”/ defender of the cell; contains digestive, hydrolytic enzymes which may be utilized in destroying harmful microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria

A

LYSOSOME

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28
Q

vesicle formed from ER containing oxidative and other enzymes; aids in detoxification

A

PEROXISOMES

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29
Q

a membrane-enclosed sac that can be filled with
anything; stores food, water, waste etc.; in plants, also maintains turgor pressure

A

VACUOLE

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30
Q

structural support; movement of materials; in some species movement of whole cells; consists of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

A

CYTOSKELETON

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31
Q

hollow structures formed from protein subunits.

A

MICROTUBULES

32
Q

smaller than microtubules but larger than microfilaments; adds structural integrity inside eukaryotic cells.

A

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT

33
Q

small fibril formed from protein subunits.

A

MICROFILAMENT

34
Q

cytoplasmic projection found in animal cells responsible for
movement of materials; a slender protuberance, hair-like structure projecting from a cell body which may be motile and sensory

A

CILIA

35
Q

same with cilia but has longer whip-like structures;

A

FLAGELLA

36
Q

special extensions in bacterial cells made for conjugation; for adhesion or attachment

A

PILI

37
Q

the control center of the cell; a highly specialized, membrane-bound organelle which carries the genetic material (DNA) in eukaryotic; coordinating and administering various cellular activities; organisms structure surrounded by double membrane that contains chromosome; directs protein synthesis (mRNA)

A

NUCLEUS

38
Q

found inside the nucleus; site of rRNA synthesis; assembles ribosome

A

NUCLEOLUS

39
Q

the outer lining/wall of the nucleus; a lipid bilayer

A

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

40
Q

opening in the nuclear membrane, allows contact in the cytoplasm

A

NUCLEAR PORES

41
Q

long threads of DNA that form a complex with proteins

A

CHROMOSOME

42
Q

DNA + histones

A

CHROMATIN

43
Q

provide and maintain the shape of the cell and serves as a protective barrier

A

CELL WALL

44
Q

structure which generally hold pigments.

A

PLASTIDS

45
Q

a colored plastid usually containing red or yellow pigment.

A

CHROMOPLAST

46
Q

colorless plastids; serves as food storehouses
- Amyloplast – starch
- Elioplast – fat
- Propioplast - protein

A

LEUCOPLAST

47
Q

chlorophyll-bearing plastids

A

CHLOROPLAST

48
Q

where the light dependent reaction takes place.

A

THYLAKOID

49
Q

stacks of thylakoid

A

GRANA

50
Q

where the light independent reaction takes place

A

STROMA

51
Q

the cell undergoes normal growth processes while also preparing for cell division; for a cell to move from interphase into the mitotic phase, many internal and external conditions must be met recognized as the longest stage in the eukaryotic cell cycle

A

INTERPHASE

52
Q

cell is accumulating the building blocks of chromosomal DNA and the associated proteins, as well as gathering sufficient energy reserves for the completion of task in the next stage; cellular contents are duplicated; growth of the cell

A

GAP 1

53
Q

characterized by the occurrence of DNA replication; the genetic material is doubled before the cell enters the actual cell division, allowing there to be enough DNA to be split into daughter cells

A

S PHASE

54
Q

the cell replenishes its energy, and some of the organelles are duplicated; preparation for the actual cell division

A

GAP 2

55
Q

a type of cell division which occurs on body cells or somatic cells; results in identical daughter cells; functions for growth, development, and repair of the body

A

MITOSIS

56
Q
  • chromatins condense into chromosomes and become
    visible
  • the nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope
    disintegrates
  • centrioles duplicate and start producing spindle fibers
  • nucleolus disappears
A

PROPHASE

57
Q
  • spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the
    chromosomes
  • alignment of chromosomes at the middle of the cell
A

METAPHASE

58
Q
  • spindle fibers start to shorten
  • separation of chromosomes to chromatids, centromere breaks apart, moving to
    the opposite poles of the cell
  • ## non-kinetochore spindle fibers lengthens, which elongates the cell
A

ANAPHASE

59
Q
  • opposite of prophase
  • chromatids reach the opposite poles of the cell and
    become chromatins
  • nuclear membrane reintegrates
  • nucleolus reappears
  • formation of the cleavage furrow
A

TELOPHASE

60
Q
  • derived from the Greek words: “cyto”, which means
    cell; and “kinesis”, which means motion, cytokinesis can be directly translated as cell movement
  • the physical process of cell division, which divides the
    cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells
A

CYTOKINESIS

61
Q
  • chromosome condenses and become visible
  • the nuclear membrane disintegrates
  • centrioles start producing spindle fibers
  • nucleolus disappears
A

PROPHASE I

62
Q

replicated chromosome condenses [sub-stage]

A

LEPTOTENE

63
Q
  • synapsis begins (pairing of homologous chromosome forming 4 chromatids called tetrad/bivalent/bivalent tetrad)
  • synaptonemal complex - structure that binds to non-sister chromatids to form tetrads [sub-stage]
A

ZYGOTENE

64
Q
  • crossing over occurs (process of physical exchange of chromosome region; genetic material recombination)
  • chiasma - area of contact between two non-sister chromatids [sub-stage]
A

PACHYTENE

65
Q
  • spindle fibers attach to the center of homologous chromosomes
  • homologous chromosomes align at the center of the cell
A

METAPHASE I

66
Q

the homologous chromosomes are pulled apart and move apart to opposite ends of the cell

A

ANAPHASE I

67
Q

two pairs of non-sister chromatids begin to disintegrates (synaptonemal complex disintegrates) {sub-stage]

A

DIPLOTENE

68
Q
  • nuclear membrane and nucleolus dissolved
  • end of prophase I [sub-stage]
A

DIAKINESIS

69
Q
  • chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell
  • the nuclear membrane reintegrates
  • formation of the cleavage furrow
  • pre-Cytokinesis
A

TELOPHASE I

70
Q

the physical process of cell division, which divides the
cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells with half number of chromosome

A

CYTOKINESIS

71
Q
  • checkpoints
  • same process, but without the DNA replication
  • cell growth
A

INTERKINESIS

72
Q
  • chromatins condense into chromosomes and become
    visible
  • the nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope disintegrates
  • centrioles duplicate and start producing spindle fibers
  • nucleolus disappears
A

PROPHASE II

73
Q

dyads align at equatorial plate

A

METAPHASE II

74
Q

sister chromatids move away from each other going to the opposite side

A

ANAPHASE II

75
Q

formation of cleavage furrow

A

TELOPHASE II

76
Q
  • formation of four haploid daughter cells in each cell
A

CYTOKINESIS

BIO 3: GENETICS (1 decks)

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