Lesson 1: Cell as the Basic Unit of Life Flashcards
some species of bacteria have this protective third covering. It is made up of polysaccharides. Its most important role is to keep the cell from drying out and from phagocytosis by larger microorganisms.
CAPSULE
a rigid structure composed of peptidoglycan that surrounds, supports, and protects the cell from the environment.
CELL WALL
encloses the interior of the bacterium, regulating the flow of materials in and out of the cell; a selective barrier.
CELL MEMBRANE
a region of cytoplasm where the chromosomal DNA is located, contains the genes
that controls the cell.
NUCLEOID
a gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases. It is where the functions for cell growth, metabolism, and replication are carried out.
CYTOPLASM
they translate the genetic code from the molecular language of nuclei acids to
amino acids – the building blocks of proteins. (protein-synthesis).
RIBOSOMES
smaller circular auxiliary DNA strands found in the cytoplasm
PLASMID
(singular, flagellum) are hair-like structure that provides locomotion for those bacteria that have them. It beat in a propeller-like motion.
FLAGELLA
are whip-like structure that provides locomotion for those bacteria that have them; it beats in a propeller-like motion.
FLAGELLA
these outgrowths assist the bacteria in attaching to other cells and surfaces such as teeth, intestines, and rocks.
PILI
these outgrowths assist the bacteria in attaching to other cells and surfaces
such as teeth, intestines, and rocks.
PILI
main component of plant cell wall
CELLULOSE
main component of bacterial cell wall
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
main component of fungi cell wall
CHITIN AND GLUCAN
structures in cells that performs specific functions.
ORGANELLES
three main parts of the cell
CELL MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM, GENETIC MATERIAL
semi-permeable; controls what molecules are allowed in and out of the cell; a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded on it.
CELL MEMBRANE
the jelly-like matrix which house all the structural organelles of the cell; also known as “cytosol”; contains Hyaloplasm
CYTOPLASM
the liquid portion of the cytosol, it does not occupy any structural organelles.
HYALOPLASM
a small particle which can be found floating free or
attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum; site of protein synthesis; link amino acids depending on the sequence specified by the codons located in messenger RNA, in order to form polypeptide chains
RIBOSOME
a continuous membrane system that creates an order of flattened sacs which plays a vital role in synthesis, modification, and transport of proteins
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
large folded membrane system with attached ribosomes; helps in folding and modifying the protein produced by ribosomes; presence of ribosomes; folding and modifying of proteins
ROUGH ER
large folded membrane system without ribosomes; puts together or production of lipids and is important in making new membrane
SMOOTH ER
receives product from the endoplasmic reticulum and adds final modification; it also sorts these products and sends them to their final destination; responsible for storing, modifying, packaging, and transporting lipids, proteins, and other materials within the cells
GOLGI APPARATUS
“powerhouse of the cell”; converts glucose into ATP; “cristae” – folded inner partitions inside the mitochondrion; site of cellular respiration contains a small amount of genetic information inherited from only the mother
MITOCHONDRION
present in plant cells only; use the energy from the sunlight to form glucose molecules from CO2 and H2O.
CHLOROPLAST
a membrane enclosed bag of digestive juices; breaks down large molecules and old parts; “suicide bag”/ defender of the cell; contains digestive, hydrolytic enzymes which may be utilized in destroying harmful microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria
LYSOSOME
vesicle formed from ER containing oxidative and other enzymes; aids in detoxification
PEROXISOMES
a membrane-enclosed sac that can be filled with
anything; stores food, water, waste etc.; in plants, also maintains turgor pressure
VACUOLE
structural support; movement of materials; in some species movement of whole cells; consists of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments
CYTOSKELETON
hollow structures formed from protein subunits.
MICROTUBULES
smaller than microtubules but larger than microfilaments; adds structural integrity inside eukaryotic cells.
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT
small fibril formed from protein subunits.
MICROFILAMENT
cytoplasmic projection found in animal cells responsible for
movement of materials; a slender protuberance, hair-like structure projecting from a cell body which may be motile and sensory
CILIA
same with cilia but has longer whip-like structures;
FLAGELLA
special extensions in bacterial cells made for conjugation; for adhesion or attachment
PILI
the control center of the cell; a highly specialized, membrane-bound organelle which carries the genetic material (DNA) in eukaryotic; coordinating and administering various cellular activities; organisms structure surrounded by double membrane that contains chromosome; directs protein synthesis (mRNA)
NUCLEUS
found inside the nucleus; site of rRNA synthesis; assembles ribosome
NUCLEOLUS
the outer lining/wall of the nucleus; a lipid bilayer
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
opening in the nuclear membrane, allows contact in the cytoplasm
NUCLEAR PORES
long threads of DNA that form a complex with proteins
CHROMOSOME
DNA + histones
CHROMATIN
provide and maintain the shape of the cell and serves as a protective barrier
CELL WALL
structure which generally hold pigments.
PLASTIDS
a colored plastid usually containing red or yellow pigment.
CHROMOPLAST
colorless plastids; serves as food storehouses
- Amyloplast – starch
- Elioplast – fat
- Propioplast - protein
LEUCOPLAST
chlorophyll-bearing plastids
CHLOROPLAST
where the light dependent reaction takes place.
THYLAKOID
stacks of thylakoid
GRANA
where the light independent reaction takes place
STROMA
the cell undergoes normal growth processes while also preparing for cell division; for a cell to move from interphase into the mitotic phase, many internal and external conditions must be met recognized as the longest stage in the eukaryotic cell cycle
INTERPHASE
cell is accumulating the building blocks of chromosomal DNA and the associated proteins, as well as gathering sufficient energy reserves for the completion of task in the next stage; cellular contents are duplicated; growth of the cell
GAP 1
characterized by the occurrence of DNA replication; the genetic material is doubled before the cell enters the actual cell division, allowing there to be enough DNA to be split into daughter cells
S PHASE
the cell replenishes its energy, and some of the organelles are duplicated; preparation for the actual cell division
GAP 2
a type of cell division which occurs on body cells or somatic cells; results in identical daughter cells; functions for growth, development, and repair of the body
MITOSIS
- chromatins condense into chromosomes and become
visible - the nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope
disintegrates - centrioles duplicate and start producing spindle fibers
- nucleolus disappears
PROPHASE
- spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the
chromosomes - alignment of chromosomes at the middle of the cell
METAPHASE
- spindle fibers start to shorten
- separation of chromosomes to chromatids, centromere breaks apart, moving to
the opposite poles of the cell - ## non-kinetochore spindle fibers lengthens, which elongates the cell
ANAPHASE
- opposite of prophase
- chromatids reach the opposite poles of the cell and
become chromatins - nuclear membrane reintegrates
- nucleolus reappears
- formation of the cleavage furrow
TELOPHASE
- derived from the Greek words: “cyto”, which means
cell; and “kinesis”, which means motion, cytokinesis can be directly translated as cell movement - the physical process of cell division, which divides the
cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells
CYTOKINESIS
- chromosome condenses and become visible
- the nuclear membrane disintegrates
- centrioles start producing spindle fibers
- nucleolus disappears
PROPHASE I
replicated chromosome condenses [sub-stage]
LEPTOTENE
- synapsis begins (pairing of homologous chromosome forming 4 chromatids called tetrad/bivalent/bivalent tetrad)
- synaptonemal complex - structure that binds to non-sister chromatids to form tetrads [sub-stage]
ZYGOTENE
- crossing over occurs (process of physical exchange of chromosome region; genetic material recombination)
- chiasma - area of contact between two non-sister chromatids [sub-stage]
PACHYTENE
- spindle fibers attach to the center of homologous chromosomes
- homologous chromosomes align at the center of the cell
METAPHASE I
the homologous chromosomes are pulled apart and move apart to opposite ends of the cell
ANAPHASE I
two pairs of non-sister chromatids begin to disintegrates (synaptonemal complex disintegrates) {sub-stage]
DIPLOTENE
- nuclear membrane and nucleolus dissolved
- end of prophase I [sub-stage]
DIAKINESIS
- chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell
- the nuclear membrane reintegrates
- formation of the cleavage furrow
- pre-Cytokinesis
TELOPHASE I
the physical process of cell division, which divides the
cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells with half number of chromosome
CYTOKINESIS
- checkpoints
- same process, but without the DNA replication
- cell growth
INTERKINESIS
- chromatins condense into chromosomes and become
visible - the nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope disintegrates
- centrioles duplicate and start producing spindle fibers
- nucleolus disappears
PROPHASE II
dyads align at equatorial plate
METAPHASE II
sister chromatids move away from each other going to the opposite side
ANAPHASE II
formation of cleavage furrow
TELOPHASE II
- formation of four haploid daughter cells in each cell
CYTOKINESIS
