Lesson 1 and Lesson 2 Flashcards
Practices that have been passed down from earlier nurses, often taught in nursing programs.
Traditional Practices
Students often look to teachers to share information about clinical practices.
Authority
When managing a clinical problem nurses will sometimes use similar, former experiences to aid their decision-making.
Personal Experience
helps nurses build expertise.
Personal experience
is closely related and is a hunch that people will use to guide their actions.
Intuition
occurs when nurses try several options until one works and solves their problem.
Trial and Error
reasoning requires the use of analytical abilities to think about how to solve a problem.
Inductive reasoning
moves from specific information to general principles.
Inductive reasoning
Moves from general principles to specific situations.
Deductive reasoning
Is a systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions and solve problems.The ultimate goal of research is to gain knowledge that would be useful to others.
Research
Is a systematic inquiry designed to develop trustworthy evidence about issues of importance to nurses and their clients.
Nursing Research
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NURSING RESEARCH (SPIDCO)
Systematic
Research is process
Involves both inductive and deductive reasoning
Research provides confirmation and results in refining knowledge.
Strives to be an objective.
GOALS FOR CONDUCTING NURSING RESEARCH:
- Promote evidence based nursing practice.
- Ensure credibility of the nursing profession.
- Provide accountability for nursing practice
- Document cost effectiveness of nursing care.
Major reason is no further optimum care for clients.
Promote evidence based nursing practice
Nursing profession exists to provide a service to society.
Promote evidence based nursing practice
Should be based on accurate knowledge
Research determined to be the most reliable means of obtaining knowledge.
Promote evidence based nursing practice
Establish own body of knowledge distinct from other disciplines.
Ensure Credibility Of Nursing Profession
Increased independence brings a need for more accountability.
Provide accountability for nursing practice
Goal to help people achieve or maintain health,regardless of cost.
Document cost effectiveness of nursing care.
Nurses must have a sound rationale for their action.
Provide accountability for nursing practice
ROLES OF NURSES IN RESEARCH:
- Principal investigator
- Member of research team
- Identifier of research problems
- Evaluator of research findings
- User of research findings
- Patient/ client advocate during studies
- Subject/participant in studies
became known as the The Doctors’ Trial
Nuremberg military Tribunals
23 physicians from the German Nazi Party were tried for crimes against humanity for the atrocius experiments they carried out on unwilling prisoners of war.
Nuremberg Trials
Many of the grotesque medical experiments took place at the _____________________ where Jewish prisoners were tattooed with dehumanizing numbers onto their arms; numbers that would later be used to identify their bodies after death.
Auschwitz concentration camp
Investigated the progression of syphilis among 400 poor African-American men. Medical treatment was deliberately withheld to study the course of disease progression.
TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY
When is the Tuskegee Syphilis Study occurs?
1932-1972
Set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed originally in1964 for the medical community
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI
Set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed originally in1964 for the medical community by the __________
World Medical Association (WMA)
Combined the Nuremberg code with the Declaration of Geneva, addressing clinical research in medical practice.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI
An international code of ethics for nurses was first adopted by the _____
International Council of Nurses (ICN) in 1953.
It has been revised and reaffirmed at various times since,most recently with this review and revision completed in ______
2012
Nurses have 4 fundamental responsibilities:
To promote health
To prevent illness
To restore health
To alleviate suffering
the nurse’s primary professional responsibility is to people requiring nursing care.
Nurses and People
the nurse carries personal responsibility and accountability for nursing practice and for maintaining competence by continual learning.
Nurses and Practice
the nurse assumes the major role in determining and implementing acceptable standards of clinical practice, management, research and education.
Nurses and Profession
the nurse sustains a collaborative and respectful relationship with co-workers in nursing and other fields.
Nurses and co-workers
exist when participants rights and study quality are put in direct conflict.
Ethical Dilemmas
The Belmont Report articulated three primary ethical principles on which standards of ethical research conduct are based
beneficence, respect for human dignity, and justice.
imposes a duty on researchers to minimize harm and maximize benefits
beneficence
Human research should be intended to produce benefits for participants or, more typically, for others.
beneficence
Researchers have an obligation to prevent or minimize harm in studies with humans. Participants must not be subjected to unnecessary risks of harm or discomfort, and their participation in research must be necessary for achieving societally important aims
The Right to Freedom From Harm and Discomfort
Involvement in a study should not place participants at a disadvantage. Participants need to be assured that their participation, or information they provide, will not be used against them.
The Right to Protection from Exploitation
This principle includes the right to self determination and the right to full disclosure.
RESPECT FOR HUMAN DIGNITY
means that prospective participants have the right to decide voluntarily whether to participate in a study, without risking prejudicial treatment. It also means that people have the right to ask questions, refuse answering questions, and drop out of the study.
The principle of self-determination
includes freedom from coercion. Coercion involves explicit or implicit threats of penalty from failing to participate in a study or excessive rewards from agreeing to participate.
A person’s right to self-determination
Respect for human dignity encompasses people’s right to make informed decisions about study participation, which requires full disclosure.
The Right to Full Disclosure
includes participants’ right to fair treatment and their right to privacy
JUSTICE
ensure that their research is not more intrusive than it needs to be and that privacy is maintained.
The Right to Privacy
ensure that their research is not more intrusive than it needs to be and that privacy is maintained.
The Right to Privacy
is a risk expected to be no greater than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during routine procedures.
Minimal risk
designed to evaluate whether the benefits of participating in a study are in line with the costs
Risk/Benefit Assessment
participants have adequate information about the study, comprehend the information, and have the power of free choice, enabling them to consent to or decline participation voluntarily.
INFORMED CONSENT
the most secure means of protecting confidentiality, occurs when the researcher cannot link participants to their data.
Anonymity
