Lesson 1 and Lesson 2

Question 1

Practices that have been passed down from earlier nurses, often taught in nursing programs.

Answer 1

Traditional Practices

Question 2

Students often look to teachers to share information about clinical practices.

Answer 2

Authority

Question 3

When managing a clinical problem nurses will sometimes use similar, former experiences to aid their decision-making.

Answer 3

Personal Experience

Question 4

helps nurses build expertise.

Answer 4

Personal experience

Question 5

is closely related and is a hunch that people will use to guide their actions.

Answer 5

Intuition

Question 6

occurs when nurses try several options until one works and solves their problem.

Answer 6

Trial and Error

Question 7

reasoning requires the use of analytical abilities to think about how to solve a problem.

Answer 7

Inductive reasoning

Question 8

moves from specific information to general principles.

Answer 8

Inductive reasoning

Question 9

Moves from general principles to specific situations.

Answer 9

Deductive reasoning

Question 10

Is a systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions and solve problems.The ultimate goal of research is to gain knowledge that would be useful to others.

Answer 10

Research

Question 11

Is a systematic inquiry designed to develop trustworthy evidence about issues of importance to nurses and their clients.

Answer 11

Nursing Research

Question 12

WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NURSING RESEARCH (SPIDCO)

Answer 12

Systematic
Research is process
Involves both inductive and deductive reasoning
Research provides confirmation and results in refining knowledge.
Strives to be an objective.

Question 13

GOALS FOR CONDUCTING NURSING RESEARCH:

Answer 13

1. Promote evidence based nursing practice.
2. Ensure credibility of the nursing profession.
3. Provide accountability for nursing practice
4. Document cost effectiveness of nursing care.

Question 14

Major reason is no further optimum care for clients.

Answer 14

Promote evidence based nursing practice

Question 15

Nursing profession exists to provide a service to society.

Answer 15

Promote evidence based nursing practice

Question 16

Should be based on accurate knowledge

Research determined to be the most reliable means of obtaining knowledge.

Answer 16

Promote evidence based nursing practice

Question 17

Establish own body of knowledge distinct from other disciplines.

Answer 17

Ensure Credibility Of Nursing Profession

Question 18

Increased independence brings a need for more accountability.

Answer 18

Provide accountability for nursing practice

Question 19

Goal to help people achieve or maintain health,regardless of cost.

Answer 19

Document cost effectiveness of nursing care.

Question 20

Nurses must have a sound rationale for their action.

Answer 20

Provide accountability for nursing practice

Question 21

ROLES OF NURSES IN RESEARCH:

Answer 21

1. Principal investigator
2. Member of research team
3. Identifier of research problems
4. Evaluator of research findings
5. User of research findings
6. Patient/ client advocate during studies
7. Subject/participant in studies

Question 22

became known as the The Doctors’ Trial

Answer 22

Nuremberg military Tribunals

Question 23

23 physicians from the German Nazi Party were tried for crimes against humanity for the atrocius experiments they carried out on unwilling prisoners of war.

Answer 23

Nuremberg Trials

Question 24

Many of the grotesque medical experiments took place at the _____________________ where Jewish prisoners were tattooed with dehumanizing numbers onto their arms; numbers that would later be used to identify their bodies after death.

Answer 24

Auschwitz concentration camp

Question 25

Investigated the progression of syphilis among 400 poor African-American men. Medical treatment was deliberately withheld to study the course of disease progression.

Answer 25

TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY

Question 26

When is the Tuskegee Syphilis Study occurs?

Answer 26

1932-1972

Question 27

Set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed originally in1964 for the medical community

Answer 27

DECLARATION OF HELSINKI

Question 28

Set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed originally in1964 for the medical community by the __________

Answer 28

World Medical Association (WMA)

Question 29

Combined the Nuremberg code with the Declaration of Geneva, addressing clinical research in medical practice.

Answer 29

DECLARATION OF HELSINKI

Question 30

An international code of ethics for nurses was first adopted by the _____

Answer 30

International Council of Nurses (ICN) in 1953.

Question 31

It has been revised and reaffirmed at various times since,most recently with this review and revision completed in ______

Answer 31

2012

Question 32

Nurses have 4 fundamental responsibilities:

Answer 32

To promote health
To prevent illness
To restore health
To alleviate suffering

Question 33

the nurse’s primary professional responsibility is to people requiring nursing care.

Answer 33

Nurses and People

Question 34

the nurse carries personal responsibility and accountability for nursing practice and for maintaining competence by continual learning.

Answer 34

Nurses and Practice

Question 35

the nurse assumes the major role in determining and implementing acceptable standards of clinical practice, management, research and education.

Answer 35

Nurses and Profession

Question 36

the nurse sustains a collaborative and respectful relationship with co-workers in nursing and other fields.

Answer 36

Nurses and co-workers

Question 37

exist when participants rights and study quality are put in direct conflict.

Answer 37

Ethical Dilemmas

Question 38

The Belmont Report articulated three primary ethical principles on which standards of ethical research conduct are based

Answer 38

beneficence, respect for human dignity, and justice.

Question 39

imposes a duty on researchers to minimize harm and maximize benefits

Answer 39

beneficence

Question 40

Human research should be intended to produce benefits for participants or, more typically, for others.

Answer 40

beneficence

Question 41

Researchers have an obligation to prevent or minimize harm in studies with humans. Participants must not be subjected to unnecessary risks of harm or discomfort, and their participation in research must be necessary for achieving societally important aims

Answer 41

The Right to Freedom From Harm and Discomfort

Question 42

Involvement in a study should not place participants at a disadvantage. Participants need to be assured that their participation, or information they provide, will not be used against them.

Answer 42

The Right to Protection from Exploitation

Question 43

This principle includes the right to self determination and the right to full disclosure.

Answer 43

RESPECT FOR HUMAN DIGNITY

Question 44

means that prospective participants have the right to decide voluntarily whether to participate in a study, without risking prejudicial treatment. It also means that people have the right to ask questions, refuse answering questions, and drop out of the study.

Answer 44

The principle of self-determination

Question 45

includes freedom from coercion. Coercion involves explicit or implicit threats of penalty from failing to participate in a study or excessive rewards from agreeing to participate.

Answer 45

A person’s right to self-determination

Question 46

Respect for human dignity encompasses people’s right to make informed decisions about study participation, which requires full disclosure.

Answer 46

The Right to Full Disclosure

Question 47

includes participants’ right to fair treatment and their right to privacy

Answer 47

JUSTICE

Question 48

ensure that their research is not more intrusive than it needs to be and that privacy is maintained.

Answer 48

The Right to Privacy

Question 49

ensure that their research is not more intrusive than it needs to be and that privacy is maintained.

Answer 49

The Right to Privacy

Question 50

is a risk expected to be no greater than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during routine procedures.

Answer 50

Minimal risk

Question 51

designed to evaluate whether the benefits of participating in a study are in line with the costs

Answer 51

Risk/Benefit Assessment

Question 52

participants have adequate information about the study, comprehend the information, and have the power of free choice, enabling them to consent to or decline participation voluntarily.

Answer 52

INFORMED CONSENT

Question 53

the most secure means of protecting confidentiality, occurs when the researcher cannot link participants to their data.

Answer 53

Anonymity