Lesson 1-6 Flashcards
One of the innate qualities that “pretty art” can give is that it makes our dull, lifeless walls come to life.
Human Issue: Beauty
Studia humanitatis
Study of humanities
In every country and in every generation, there is always art.
Art is Universal
Nature inspires an artist and art is the expression
Art is not nature
If a person is to know art, he must know it not as a fact but as an experience.
Art involves experience
A Filipino Asian Modern and Contemporary Artist which is primarily known for her “calado” works
Araceli Limcaco Dans
“Art is a creative work that depicts the world in a completely different light and perspective, and the source is due to human freedom.”
Jean-Paul Sartre
“Imagination is a creative work that depicts the world in a completely different light and perspective, and the source is due to human freedom.”
Albert Einstein
Those that appeal to the sense of sight
Film
Live art with the human body as the artist main medium
Performance Art
Art form where the artist expresses his emotions by using words carefully selected to exhibit clarity and beauty and to emulate strong emotions
Poetry Performance
The art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other types of structures
Architecture
A series of movements that follows the rhythm of the music accompaniment
Dance
Uses words to express an artist’s self and communicate emotions to the readers
Literary Art
Uses live performers to present accounts or imaginary events before a live audience
Theater
Incorporates elements of style and design to everyday items with the aim of increasing their aesthetic value
Applied Arts
“Every particular substance in the world has an ends - a telos”
Aristotle
For a thing to reach its purpose, it has to fulfill its function.
Telos
Art has three distinct functions
personal, social and physical
Has to do with public display or expression Because it is personal, it can be varied and highly subjective, depending on the person.
Personal Function
Mostly through photography, art performs this function through the depiction of social conditions
Social Function
When an artwork is not only aesthetically pleasing but is also physically useful
Physicals/ Utilitarian
Art as Imitation
Plato
Art as Representation
Aristotle
Art as disinterested judgement
Kant
Art as disinterested judgement
Immanuel Kant
Art is a communication tool
Leo Tosltoy
Art is dangerous because it provides a petty replacement for real entities that can only be attained through reason.
Art as imitation
It allows for the experience of pleasure, allowing experiences that are otherwise offensive to be entertaining.
Art as Representation
The judgment of beauty, and therefore, art, is innately autonomous from specific interests and, as such, is subjective.
Art as disinterested judgement
Art is a way to be able to communicate emotions which the artist has previously experienced.
Art as communication tool
A branch of philosophy devoted to the study of art and beauty used during the 18th Century by Alexander Baumgarten, a German philosopher.
From the Greek word eisthesis meaning “perception.”
Aesthetic
can be examined by an item’s color, shape, pattern, line or movement
Visual Aesthetics
Those pertaining to sound, can be judged in terms of a sound’s volume, beat repetition, pitch or even noise
Auditory aesthetics
have to do with touch/ We assess the aesthetic value of a tactile material based on its texture, shape, weight, ability to provide comfort, temperature, vibration, sharpness, or its ease of use.
Tactile aesthetics
deal with things that we taste
Gustatory Aesthetics
are concerned with those that we can smell: its strength, its sweetness, its pleasantness, and others.
Olfactory Aesthetics
One of the earliest pieces of evidence of this attempt are the cave paintings in Lascaux, France.
Evoked naturalism
Paleolithic Art (late Stone Age)
Created the illusion of three-dimensional forms (contrasts of light and shadow, foreshortening)
Paleolithic Art (late Stone Age)
- Works were not used for decorative purposes but for religious rituals
- There was a link between what was drawn and what could happen, eventually reflecting some of their early beliefs, especially with life and fertility
Paleolithic Art Notions and Beliefs
Developed when life for early humans became more stable (cultivated lands and domesticated animals)
Civilization was more developed
Neolithic Art
What are the three significant periods in the ancient civiliztion, Egyptian?
- Old Kingdom,
- Middle Kingdom
- New Kingdom
- Religion was bound to the afterlife as evidenced by tombs.
- Tombs served to keep the dead bodies of important people and as shelter for the next journey (afterlife).
- Functions: depicts the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt; served as a ceremonial palette used in the ritual of applying makeup
Old Kingdom
- Marked by a shift in political hierarchy with the emergence of powerful groups and landlords.
- Marked the beginning of Bronze Age weapons
Middle Kingdom
What merely was a repository for dead bodies have become mortuary temples which served as a sanctuary for the dead and a place of worship for the living.
New Kingdom
- The leaders of the post-New Kingdom who aimed to revolutionize both the arts and religion.
- They ordered the construction of new monuments in honor of the god Aton.
King Akhenaton and Queen Nefertiti
- Became king at the age of 9 until his death at age 19
- The full artistry surrounding his final resting place is another evidence of how the Egyptians of this period combined religion and art.
King Tutankhamen
- After his death, was mummified per Egyptian religious tradition
- Had organs removed, was wrapped him in resin-soaked bandages, with a 24-pound solid gold portrait mask placed over his head and shoulders,
King Tut’s Final Resting Place
Art is used to communicate ideologies and belief systems. Thus, the Greek and Roman civilizations are also known as the “Classical World”
European Civilization
n art and architecture, both civilizations tended to promote the possibility of having an objective and widely acceptable standards for beauty.
Classical World
- Politics has always been the Greeks’ expertise so political ideals became the framework for the democratic form of government.
- Those who practiced painting, sculpture, and architecture were required to have certain skill sets and body of knowledge.
Greek Civilization
- began when was starting to get back from what seemed to be their Dark Ages
- During this period, their artwork, mostly evident in their pottery
Geometric
- placed a huge importance on human figures as a result of Greece’s trading activities with other civilizations.
- Greeks rebuilt their temples and focused on creating artworks
- They had also managed to give the face and body more detail, an improvement of the earlier works of the Classical period.
Classical
- considered to have occurred at the peak of Greek architecture and sculpture
- The facial features of the sculptures during this period were not very distinct, though, as the emphasis was more on the human form rather than on their facial features.
Archaic
- focused on including emotions and movement into their work
- The Hellenistic period is in reference to the expansion of Greek influence and the dissemination of its ideas following the death of Alexander the Great.
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Hellenistic
consisted of a sloping seating area, an orchestra (the flat area where the chorus stood, sang, and danced), and the skene which serves as the backdrop of the stage.
Amphitheaters
was established around 500 BC. This civilization eventually transformed into one of Western Europe’s mightiest empires
The Roman Empire
To distinguish their works from those of the Greeks, the faces of the Romans as depicted in their sculptures featured even the imperfections of the person the work was modeled after: receding hairline, pockmarks, fats, and all.
Roman Civilization
- Still standing until this very day, it was planned and constructed during the reign of Emperor Vespasian.
- Mainly used for entertainment (public events and gladiator games),
The Colosseum
- Significant in the study of Roman Civilization was the Middle Ages, a period between the decline of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance. This era was characterized by ignorance and darkness.
- The Church was the central figure and authority of the time.
Middle Age
a move away from the naturalism of the Classical tradition towards the more abstract
Byzantine
- drew upon the earlier elements of Roman architecture
- featured a combination of the basilica and religious structure
- Most distinctive feature is the domed roof
Byzantine Architecture
his period (1050-1200 AD) was inspired by the glory of the old Roman Empire.
Romanesque
Structures of this time (1200-1500 AD) had a more Northern flavor from the Goths, mostly identified to be vulgar and barbaric, because it was very different from the classy look of the Romanesque style.
Gothic
Gothic architecture has five key elements:
- large stained glass windows, pointed arches
- ribbed vaults
- flying buttresses
- ornate decoration.
The literary, performing, and visual arts of Europe and regions that share a European cultural tradition
Western Arts
“The true work of art is but a shadow of the divine perfection”
Michaelangelo
- primarily a time of the revival of Classical learning and wisdom after a long period of cultural decline and stagnation
Rennaisance
“rebirth” of classical values
Italian Renaissance
Stages of italian Rennaissance
Proto-Renaissance and Early Renaissance
uncertain period of transition in Italian arts as the creative influence of the Byzantine tradition began to decline.
Proto-Renaissance
introduces a greater degree of naturalism by placing an emphasis on the observation drawing of the human figure.
Early Renaissance
highest peak of artistic achievement in which Renaissance art reached an unsurpassed level of grandeur
Mannerism or Higher Renaissance
gave rise to a different character of art with a stronger emphasis on color, pattern, and atmosphere
Venetian Renaissance
Inspired by the life-like accuracy of Classical sculpture
Naturalism
Allowed artists to accurately portray the 3-dimensional world on a 2-dimensional surface from a fixed point of view
Perspective Drawing
Fostered the idea that an individual’s faith was not totally governed by institutional religion, thereby freeing artists from the influence of the clergy.
Humanism
in Ancient Rome was a ‘warts and all’ realism called ‘verism’ (from the Latin word ‘verus’ meaning ‘true’)
Portraiture
technique that is associated with large scale murals.
Fresco
main medium used during the Early Renaissance for smaller scale paintings on wooden panels.
Tempera
replaced both tempera and fresco as the principal painting medium of the Italian Renaissance as it produced the most intense color,
Oil
translates as ‘smoky’, refers to a blurring of the hard edge lines that separate adjacent objects or colors from one another.
Sfumato
- Characterized by self-confidence, dynamism, and a realistic approach to depiction
- Highly ornate and extravagant
Baroque
Derives from the French word ‘rocaille’ which means rock-work, referring to a style of interior decoration that swirls with arrangements of curves and scrolls
Rococo
Arose in opposition to the overly decorative and gaudy styles of Rococo and Baroque that were infusing society with a vanity art culture based on personal conceits and whimsy
Neoclassicism
The movement sought to return to the classical beauty and magnificence of Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire.
Neoclassicism
simple and austere column and capital
Doric
twin volutes (scrolls) of its capital
Ionic
ornate capital carved with stylized acanthus leaves
Corithian
simplest; resembles the Doric order but has a simpler base and an unadorned frieze
Tuscan
combines both Ionic and the Corinthian order
Composite
- Emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental
- Can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality
Romanticism
Tendency or style in art with specific common philosophy or goal followed by a group of artists during a specific period of time
Art Movement
Frequently characterized by aesthetic innovation and initial unacceptability
Avant garde
Using lively painting techniques and use of color; sacrificing accurate lines in favor of a more atmospheric effect; capturing effects of light in nature
Impressionism
Was not a formal movement or style but more of a form of rebellion against the limitations of Impressionism
Post Impressionism
Post-Impressionism Offshoots
- Fauvism
- Expressionism
- Cubism
- Pointillism
- First abstract style of modern art
- the objects are analyzed, broken up, and reassembled in an abstracted form.
Cubism
There are two distinct phases of the Cubist Style
Analytical & Synthetic Cubism
fractured the subject into multi-layered, angular, surfaces that brought still life paintings and portraiture close to a point of total abstraction.
Analytical Cubism
embraced a broader palette, simpler geometric planes, and more representable subject matter
Sythethic
Simplified drawings with bold, exaggerated colors
Fauvism
Subjective search for emotional truth; remarkable, evident, and observable expressions through the face and body form
Expressionism
anarchy; playfulness; introduced temporary installations
Dadaism
In this technique the artist would empty their mind of conscious thought and then start to draw spontaneously, recording any response that filled the vacuum.
Surrealism
Coincided with the globalization of pop music and youth culture.
Pop Art
was the greatest sculptor of the Pop Art movement, creating many large scale public works.
Claes Oldenburg
seen as a bridge between Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art.
The art of Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg
