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Psyc 475 > Lesson 1-4 > Flashcards

Lesson 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Drugs

A

Any substance that when administered causes a physiological change in the body

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2
Q

Psychoactive drugs (3)

What it is + ex + acts in

A
  • Chemical substances that alter the function of the CNS (mood, thought process, behaviour)
  • Ex: opoids for pain
  • Act in the brain, cross in and bind
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3
Q

Behaviour pharmacology includes

A
  • Mood
  • Thought Processes
  • Behaviour
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4
Q

The Microdialysis technique (2)

Meaures + How it works

A
  • Measures how much neurotransmitter released
  • The technique involves a fine catheter lined with a membrane being placed into the brain tissue to monitor neurotransmitters, peptides, hormones, and drugs. The membrane is semipermeable , substances lying outside of the membrane in the interstitial space pass through into the probe, as they move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.
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5
Q

Explain what happened with the experiment of measurement of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens in rats

A

High fat diet was more rewarding for rats and led to high dopamine release

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6
Q

Is cheese addictive?

A

It is mildly addicting as it activates the same reward circuit (opoid receptor)

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7
Q

Why study behaviour pharmacology? (2)

A
  1. Pharacological manipulation allows us to gain insight into mechanism of brain function
  2. We utilize substances to later CNS function on a daily basis
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8
Q

Schedule 1 drug

A
  • Worst of the worst
  • High potential for abuse
  • No currently accepted medical use in treatments in the US
  • A lack of accepted safety for use of the drug under medical supervision
  • Ex: Marijuana (Opoid not schedule 1 as it can be used for treatment)
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9
Q

Mariguana and long lasting brain damage? (2)

A
  • Poor performance on cognitive tests but abstinence cures it
  • However in adolescent study shows it can alter brain connectivity and disrupt cognitive processing
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10
Q

What are the implications of the current federal US policies regarding Marihuana usages? (3)

A
  • Social: It is illegal, mariguana accounts for 50% of drug problems in the US. More found in prison, black market.
  • Psychological: Medical, can be benefical for cancer patients for pain and anxiety but cannot cure.
  • Research: Important for research but schedule 1 drugs are hard to obtain.
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11
Q

What information can behavioural pharmacology provide policy makers regarding marijuana? (3)

A
  • Potential side affects
  • Specificity of the drug (Where it binds/acts on)
  • Unsefulness on which patient population
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12
Q

How does a drug make it to the market? (2)

US + Canada (new drugs + %)

A
  • All new drugs produced and sold in the US must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
  • Canada follows FDA guidelines and uses the therapeutic product directorate (New drugs must be both effective and safe, only 20% of new drugs being tested reach final approval)
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13
Q

FDA Approval steps (4) + years

A
  1. Preclinical reseach: at least 5 years
  2. Clinical studies (Phase 1,2,3): 1.5 -> 2 -> 3.5
  3. Review by FDA: 1.5
  4. Postmarketing surveillance: ongoing
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14
Q

FDA: Preclinical research (4)

A
  • Discovery and early in vitro screening of compound
  • Large-scale synthesis
  • Animal testing
  • After this stage, investigational new drug application is sent to FDA
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15
Q

FDA: Clinical studies (4)

A
  • Phase 1: Drug toxicity, pharmacokinetics (the effect the organism has) in healthy volunteers (animals)
  • Phase 2: Limited human testing to determine effectivenes of treating a disease
  • Phase 3: Large clinical trials (1000’s of people) Includes placeoble control, double blind
  • After clinical studies, new drug application is sent to FDA and goes into review by FDA period (1.5 years)
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16
Q

FDA: Postmarketing surveillance

A

Monitor adverse reactions, product defects, long term side effects, drug interactions

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16
Q

In Canada how prevalent is drug use?

Illicit

A

Heavily used illicit drugs: Cannabis, Cocaine, Opoids and amphetamine

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Opoid death is —– mroe then motor-vehicle accidents

A

twice

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19
Q

The most commonly used drugs in Canada are (4)

A

Alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and caffeine

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20
Q

Pharmacology (5)

what + why

A
  • Study of drug actions and their effects on living organisms
  • Insight into mechanisms of brain function
  • Understand the neurobiology of behaviour
  • Discover effective treatments
  • Understand the mechanisms of drig abbuse and addiction
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21
Q

The two important aspects of pharmacology:

A
  1. Drug action: Molecular changes produced by a drug when it binds to a target site or receptor
  2. Drug effect: Alerations in physiological or pyschological function.
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22
Q

The site of drug action may be….

A

different than the site of the drug effects.

23
Q

Ligand

A

Drug/neurotransmitters that binds to receptor

24
Q

Talk about IV injections and the 2 principles of pharmacology:

A
  • Atropine when injected causes dilated pupils. Morphine injected in the eye causes no effect however IV injection of morphine in vein cause constriction of pupil. Both examples have similar drug effect but different drug action.
25
Q

Therapeutic effects + ex (2)

A
  • The drug-receptor interaction produces desired physical or behavioural changes. All other effects are side effects.
  • Ex: Amphetamine therapeutic effect is treatment of narcolepsy by decreasing orexin
26
Q

Specific drug effects are based on……
Non specific drug effects are based on …..

A
  • Specific drug effects are based on physical and biochemical interactions of a drug with a target site in living tissue
  • Non specific drug effects are based on certain unique characteristics of the individual (e.g. mood, expectations, perceptions, attitudes) Different effects at different times for example drinking with friends vs family, you act different
27
Q

A placebo effect is a —–

A

nonspecific effect

doesn’t arise from the active ingredient or specific intervention being studied but from the individual’s expectations, beliefs, and the psychological or physiological effects of receiving any kind of treatment

28
Q

Placebo is a pharmacologically —– compound but it can have ——-

A
  • inert
  • therapeutic and side effects
29
Q

Placebo effect

A

belief in a drug may produce real physiological effects despite the lack of chemical activity. Hormones may influence

30
Q

Possible explanations for placebo effects (4):

A
  1. Palovian conditioning (pre-association)
  2. Concious expectation of outcomes (Expect relief, show enhanced response)
  3. Social learning
  4. Genectic variants

Ahziemers dont respond to placebo-> damaged coretex?

31
Q

Nocebo Effect + ex (2)

A
  • Negative expectations may increase the level of anxiety experienced, which may influence the outcome of treatment.
  • Ex: Warnings about potential side effects can lead to greater side effect occurrence.
32
Q

Pharmacokinectics

A

How drugs are handled by the body. The dynamic factors that contribute to bioavaliability.

33
Q

Bioavaliability (2)

What + determined by

A
  • How much of the drug that is administered actually reaches it’s target.
  • Four process all come together to determine bioavaliability: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination
34
Q

Bioavaliability: Absorption

A
  • Movement of drug from site of adminstration to the blood
35
Q

Bioavaliability: Distribution

A
  • Moveent of drug from blood to rest of body, circulation (bind to receptors)
36
Q

Bioavaliability: Metabolism

A
  • Breakdown of drug (detoxified) into metabolites
37
Q

Bioavaliability: Elimination

A
  • Removal of drug’s metabolic waste products from the body
38
Q

Pharmacokinectics allows us to determine: (3)

A
  1. Time course of drug action (Time to onset and duration)
  2. Concentration of drug at it’s target (Bioavaliability)
  3. Intensity of drug effect on its target (How much of drug binding will lead to x,y,z effect)
39
Q

Triazolam and Lorazepam

A
  • Oral adminstration of triazolam (short-acting benzodiazepine) is for insomania and is out of the system by morning.
  • Lorazepam (longer-acting benzodiazepine) is for anxiety and acts longer and more steady action

Example of different drug onset/duration

40
Q

How do we get drugs into us? + examples (2)

A
  1. Enteral: generally slow and produces variable blood levels (Oral/rectal), GI tract involvement
  2. Parenteral: All other methods (injection, inhalation, topical adminstration, absorption through skin/mucous membranes), no GI tract involvement
41
Q

Psycoactive drugs

A

affecting the mind or behavior.

41
Q

Oral adminstration (3)

involves + is + must be (3)

A
  • involves GI tract
  • safe, self-adminstered, economical
  • Drug must be soluble (able to dissolve in water), stable in stomach fluid (not destroyed by gastric acids) and somewhat lipid soluble (to allow absorption across membranes via passive diffusion)
42
Q

Most active psycoactive drugs are

A

lipid soluble

43
Q

Absorption can be influenced by a number of factors (3):

A
  1. Amount and type of food present in the stomach (grapefruit)
  2. Physical activity
  3. Genectics (levels of enzymes that metabolize drugs)
44
Q

Absorption and digestion:

A

Slowing down digestion= more time to absorp

45
Q

Grapefruit and drug absorption:

A

Many drugs have adverse effect with grapefruit. Grapefruit have metabolize inhibitor and more drug concentrate in blood as it is not metabolized.

46
Q

Drugs adminstered orally undergo —–

A
  • First-pass metabolism
  • Basically the drug is chemically altered (inactivated or metabolized) by cells (metabolizing) in GI tract (small intestine) and liver by a number of enzymes before they pass to the heart and it enters the systemic circulation. Suffers extensive biotransformation to such an extent that the bioavailability is drastically reduced.
47
Q

Rectal adminstration (3)

bypass+ used for + results in

A
  • Placement of suppository in the rectum can bypass the first-pass effect
  • Used for infants or patients who are vomitting, unconcious or unable to take medication orally
  • Often results in irregular unpredictable or incomplete absorption
48
Q

Drug absorption: Inhalation (3)

What + absorp + action

A
  • Drug is absorbed into the blood by passing throught the lungs
  • Rapid absorption into the blood as lungs have large surface area and many capillaries
  • Fast onset of action: short distance from lungs to heart to brain. Onset may be as fast as IV drugs and are popular for recreational drugs like nicotine, marihuana and crack.
49
Q

Drug Absorption: Mucous Membrane (3)

What + ex (2) + type

A
  • Absorbed through membrane of nose (mucosal membrane to blood stream) or mouth
  • Cocaine: Adheres to membranes in the nasal passage
  • Nicotine: Chewing gum, nasal spray
  • Sublingual (under the tongue) adminstration of anxiolytics (reduce anxiety), nitroglycerin (chest pain), LSD (potent hallucinogen)
50
Q

Transdermal adminstration (3)

What + It is not + duration

A
  • a drug delivery method that involves the application of a medication on the skin to deliver therapeutic agents directly into the bloodstream, known as a controlled and sustained (hours or days) delivery method of drugs
  • Not addictive because slow steady and constant concentration, no rapid rush, avoids rapid rise/fall
  • Can take hours or days
51
Q

Intravenous adminstration (3)

What + dosage +onset

A
  • Drug introduced directly into bloodstream via vein
  • Dosage can be extremely precise (compared to oral)
  • Fastest onset of pharmacological action (most dangerous route beacuase you dont have detoxification, and it is fast onset, high % of overdose)
52
Q

IMIntramuscular adminstration IM (4)

What + speed + types (2)

A
  • Drugs injected into skeletal muscle
  • More rapid than absorption from stomach but slower than intravenous
  • Type 1: Rapid onset, short duration of action, drug dissolved into aqueous solution
  • Type 2: Slow onset/prolonged duration: Drug suspended in oily solution (slow absorption to start with)
53
Q
A
54
Q

Most of the drug circulates ——

A

outside of the brain

Psyc 475 (7 decks)

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