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Watershed Management > Lesson 1-3 > Flashcards

Lesson 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

It is a land bounded by a topographic divide which intercepts, stores and directs rainwater to a stream or river system down to a common outlet.

A

Watershed

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2
Q

The common outlet is knows as ________ either a lake, sea or ocean.

A

Mouth

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3
Q

A divide refers to surface divide (top of mountains)

A

Topographic divide

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4
Q

It refers to underground divide or rock formations.

A

Phreatic divide

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5
Q

Importance of watershed

A
  1. Provide water for agricultural, industrial, domestic purposes (essential to economic progress and stability)
  2. Provides Timber, Forage, wildlife
  3. Provide services like aesthetic and protective.
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6
Q

Anthropogenic activities that causes man-made calamities such as sedimentation and siltation.

A
  1. Kaingin
  2. Illegal logging
  3. Improper farming practices
  4. Forest fire
  5. Grassland burning
  6. Improper range management.
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7
Q

The country nowadays is encountering different man-made calamities that include ____ and ____ due to ____ ____.

A

siltation, sedimentation, soil erosion

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8
Q

A watershed is composed of the following resources:

A

water, soil, vegetation, rock, minerals,
flora and fauna, human and improvements.

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9
Q

Largest basins in the Philippines

A
  1. Cagayan Cagayan Valley 2,569,648
  2. Mindanao S. Mindanao 2,315,900
  3. Agusan N. Mindanao 1,092,100
  4. Pampanga C. Luzon 975,900
  5. Agno Luzon 595,200
  6. Abra Ilocos 512,500
  7. Pasig Laguna 467,800
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10
Q

Drainage area of Cagayan River Basin

A

2,569,648 (2.5 m)

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11
Q

Drainage area of Mindanao in S. Mindanao

A

2,315,900 (2.3 m)

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12
Q

Drainage area of Agusan in N. Mindanao

A

1,092,100 (1.0 m)

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13
Q

Drainage area of pampanga in C. Luzon

A

975,900

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14
Q

Drainage area of Agno

A

595,200

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15
Q

Drainage area of Abra

A

512,500

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16
Q

Drainage area of Pasig laguna

A

467,800

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17
Q

Where is the head of Agno River Basin?

A

Loo, Bugias

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18
Q

Agno river basin’s mouth or outlet is in ____ ____

A

Lingayen Gulf in Pangasinan

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19
Q

Agno river basin traverse towards the municipalities of ____ to Ambuclao dam in ____ and Binga Dam in ____, Benguet

A

Kabayan, Bokod , Itogon

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20
Q

Stream that has water just after rainfall

A

Ephemeral Stream

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21
Q

Stream that has water only during the rainy season

A

Intermittent stream

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22
Q

Stream that has water all through-out the year

A

Perennial stream

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23
Q

The world has only __ forest cover; __ relatively undisturbed (frontier forest); __ of frontier forest threatened;

A

30%, 40%, 39%

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24
Q

____ of the ___ watersheds of NIA with total area of 3,968,805 ha are in critical conditions;

A

83% of the 114

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25
Q

the 4.7 million hectares (total area) NIA watersheds, only __ of it is covered with ____, the rest are (__), (__), and (___).

A

F31%, GL31%, CL37%, BU1%

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26
Q

____ out of 73 provinces have over half of their land area being moderately to severely eroded

A

13

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27
Q

The estimated annual rate of soil loss in the country is _____ million tons.

A

74-81

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28
Q

Between_______ of the country’s land area are affected by soil erosion;

A

63-77%

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29
Q

__ river systems in Luzon are reported dead or dying. __ reported dead by EMB

A

29, 10

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30
Q

It implies the control or manipulation of watershed to carry out planned activity aimed at attaining, specific objectives.

A

Watershed Management

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31
Q

Refers to the management of all-natural resources of a drainage basin to protect, maintain and improve water yield.

A

Watershed Management

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32
Q

Triangular concept of Watershed Management

A

Sustainable Yield, Protection/ Conservation, Rehabilitation/ Restoration

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33
Q

Watershed problems

A
  1. Soil Erosion
  2. Loss of Biodiversity
  3. Declining land/ site productivity because of fertility decline
  4. Microclimate deterioration
  5. Low water quality and quantity
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34
Q

____ million tons of soil are lost annually from upland

A

74-81

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35
Q

Benefits from Successfully Manage Watershed

A

1.Economic Benefits
2. Social services
3. Environmental Services

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36
Q

1.Economic Benefits of watershed

A

a.) Water supply – hydro-electric power production and for domestic use
b) Forestry- Production of forest products
c) Agriculture- crops and livestock production
d) Fishery- aquaculture in reservoir and watershed stream/rivers
e) Mining- quarrying for construction purposes

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37
Q
  1. Social services
A

a) Ecotourism- scenic landscape
b) Recreation-mountain climbing, fishing, etc.
c) Historical- protection of historical monuments
d) Cultural- protection of indigenous cultures.
e) Health- Watershed control of water borne diseases that affects human

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38
Q
  1. Environmental Services
A

a) Biodiversity- flora/fauna conservation
b) Soil conservation- erosion control
c) Water conservation- retention/storage; quality control
d) Oxygen generation- plants releases oxygen to atmosphere
e) Microclimate amelioration- amelioration of temperature extreme

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39
Q

Principles Governing Watershed Management /Development

A
  1. Holistic and Balance Framework
  2. Sustainable Management and Development
  3. Participatory Approach and Equitability
  4. Efficiency and Effectiveness
  5. Multi- sectoral and Interdisciplinary Approach
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40
Q

an ecosystem, with numerous physical, biological and social components that are intricately related to one another.

A

Watershed

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41
Q

a common property with many stakeholders.

A

watershed

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42
Q

major watershed stakeholders

A
  1. state
  2. forest communities
  3. LGU
  4. water users
  5. Forest-based Industry sector
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43
Q

The continuous process by which water is transported from the oceans to the atmosphere to the land and back to the sea. (Hydrology Vessmen 1986)

A

-The hydrologic cycle

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44
Q

-The ocean contains ___ water and ___ on land approximately __ of the earth’s water as fresh
water.

A
  1. 5%, 3.5%, 1%
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45
Q

Hydrologic cycle is expressed as P=

A

P=RO+E+T+I+S

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46
Q

Solar radiation heats liquid from bodies of water causing gradually change into a gas or water vapor.

A

Evaporation

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47
Q

Factors Affecting Evaporation

A

a. Solar radiation
b. Temperature/ Relative Humility
c. Volume of available water
d. Vegetation/Soil Cover
e. Soil

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48
Q

Results of the reduction of temperature by the removal of latent heat of evaporation resulting to liquid product.

A

Condensation

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49
Q

condensed form of atmospheric moisture of consisting of small water droplets or tiny ice crystals. (range in size from about 5-75 micrometers or 0.0002to 0.003in)

A

Clouds

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50
Q

evaporation of water particles from plant opening or from stomata of leaves.

A

Transpiration

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51
Q

all forms of water deposited on the earth surface and derived from atmospheric vapor.

A

Precipitation

52
Q

Types of rain gauges

A

1.) Non recording rain gauges
2.) Recording/ automatic rain gauge

53
Q

Types of Recording/ automatic rain gauge

A

a.) Weighing recording type rain gauge
b.) Tipping bucket

54
Q

TYPES OF PRECIPITATION

A

1.) Convective precipitation
2.) Orographic precipitation
3.) Cyclonic precipitation

55
Q

results from excessive heating of the earth’s surface, causing water vapor to rise up condense, coalesce and increase in diameter before they fall as raindrop.

A

Convective precipitation

56
Q

wind from the sea or ocean blows the condensed nuclei, towards the seashore, the condensation nuclei, coalesce and increase in diameter before they come across physical barriers usually fall as rain the windward direction.

A

Orographic precipitation

57
Q

precipitation resulting from movements of air masses due to differences in barometer pressure.

A

Cyclonic precipitation

58
Q

2 Types of cyclonic precipitation

A

a.) Non-frontal
b.) Frontal

59
Q

low pressure area is –lifted by air masses, followed by cooling and raindrop formation.

A

Non-frontal

60
Q

opposite air masses with different temperature meet precipitation occurs at the boundaries of the masses.

A

Frontal

61
Q

silver iodide plus dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) is sprayed into the clouds which attract several small water droplets to come together to form raindrops.

A

Cloud seeding

62
Q
  1. Which creates stronger rainfall and higher soil erosion cold front or warm front?
A

Cold front

63
Q
  1. Which precipitation creates typhoon convective, orographic, or cyclonic precipitation?
A

cyclonic precipitation

64
Q

What type of rainfall is experienced in forested watershed during summer?

A

convective

65
Q

What precipitation is occurring on the end and start of rainy season?

A

Cyclonic

66
Q

Refers to rainfall caught by vegetation or crown of trees

A

Interception

67
Q

Factors in Influencing Interception

A

A.) Rainfall intensity, duration, and distribution
B.) Vegetation characteristics

68
Q

Importance of interception

A

1.) Influences soil moisture distribution
2.) Reduces the type and quantity of precipitation to be converted to overland flow.

69
Q

Types of Interception

A

1.) Through fall
2. Stem flow
3. Interception loss via evaporation

70
Q

Methods of measurement of interception

A

1.) Direct method
2.) Indirect method

71
Q

-using rainfall gauges over and under the vegetation, the difference between the two represents the intercepted precipitation.

A

Direct method

72
Q

by the use of regression equation, given several dependent factors the
interception is estimated.

A

Indirect method

73
Q

refers to the vertical entry of water from the surface into the soil.

A

Inflitration

74
Q

Importance of infiltration

A

Major process that recharges the water table.

75
Q

Factors Affecting Infiltration Capacity

A

1.) Thickness of saturated layer
2.) Soil moisture
3.) Compaction caused by rain
4.) In wash of fine materials
5.) Entrapped air
6.) Microbial activities
7.) Soil porosity
8.) Land uses – logging, road construction, kaingin, grazing

76
Q

Measurement of Infiltration

A

a.) areal measurement
b.) point measurement

77
Q

analysis of rainfall run- off data from a watershed.

A

areal measurement

78
Q

Example of point measurement

A

Ring infiltrometer (single/double)

79
Q

<1 (mm/hr)

A

very slow

80
Q

1-5 (mm/hr)

A

slow

81
Q

20-65 (mm/hr)

A

moderate

82
Q

65-125 (mm/hr)

A

moderately rapid

83
Q

125-250 (mm/hr)

A

rapid

84
Q

> 250 (mm/hr)

A

very rapid

85
Q

refers to water flowing on soil surface as a result of soil saturation.

A

SRO

86
Q

occurs when rate of precipitation exceeds the rates of which water infiltrates.

A

SRO

87
Q

Factors affecting SRO

A

1.) Climate factors
2.) Physiographic factors

88
Q

Physiographic factors affecting SRO

A

a.) Land use
b.) Area
c.) Shape
d.) Elevation
e.) Slope
d.) Orientation

89
Q

Climate factors affecting SRO

A

a.) Type of precipitation
b.) Rainfall intensity
c.) Duration of rainfall
d.) Distribution of rainfall on basin

90
Q

Methods of Measuring SRO

A

1.) Use of run-off plots

2.) Weirs or Flumes

91
Q

It enters the ground water aquifer and then slowly finds its way to streams. (above water table)

A

Subsurface Flow

92
Q

– water that percolate to a great depth and then appears after long time intervals often as distant points as springs, artesian wells, and geysers (below water table)

A

Percolation

93
Q

Factors Affecting Percolate

A

1.) water content of soil
2.) vegetation
3.) depth of soil

94
Q

movement of water under the force of gravity through a defined semi-permanent channel.

A

Stream flow

95
Q

graphical representation of a stream-flow discharge

A

Stream flow hydrograph

96
Q

Common units of stream flow discharge in the Standard International (SI) is expressed in

A

cubic meter per second.

97
Q

Watershed Characteristics that Affects Stream-flow

A

a.) Size of watershed
b.) b.) Shape of watershed
c.) c.) Channel slope
d.) Drainage density and network
e.) Presence of bodies of water within the watershed

98
Q

Variables that Affect Stream-flow

A

a.) intensity of rainfall
b.) duration of rainfall
c.) amount
d.) land use
e.) condition of watershed
f.) type of vegetation

99
Q

Importance of Stream-flow

A

1.) Planning for flood control
2.) Estimating the dependability of water supply
3.) Designing reservoir storage

100
Q

Parts of Stream-flow Hydrograph

A

1.) Rising limb
2.) Falling limb/recession
3.) Peak flow

101
Q

refers to abrupt or gradual increase in water level in rivers depending on the condition of watershed or intensity of rainfall.

A

Rising limb

102
Q

refers to either abrupt or gradual decrease in water level in rivers depending on the condition of watershed or intensity of rainfall.

A

Falling limb/recession

103
Q

refers to the highest water level in the river or stream.

A

Peak flow

104
Q

graphical representation on the rise and fall of water volume or discharge in a river for certain period of time expressed in cubic meter per second.

A

Hydrograph

105
Q

Measurement of Velocity

A

1.) Floatation method
2.) Current meter

106
Q

refers to soil particles that are transported by stream flow

A

Sediment

107
Q

process of deposition of transported soil particles, gravels and cobbles

A

Sedimentation

108
Q

total sediment outflow from the watershed

A

Sediment yield

109
Q

portion of the sediment discharge consist of fie soil particles, such as silt and clay which are transported in suspension.

A

Suspended yield

110
Q

portion of the sediment discharge consist of sand gobbles and gravels

A

Bed load

111
Q

bed loads and suspended loads

A

Total sediment load

112
Q

Mode of Transport

A

1.) Suspension
2.) Saltation
3.) Bed load

113
Q
  • sediments are suspended in water
A

suspension

114
Q

bouncing sediments

A

saltation

115
Q

sediments that move constantly in contact with the steam bed.

A

bed load

116
Q

The process of increase in water quantity or supply

A

water augmentation

117
Q

The process of replacing water into a stream due to losses from well usage

A

water augmentation

118
Q

Things to consider in water augmentation

A

water harvesting
water storage
water coservation

119
Q
A
120
Q

Types of soil erosion

A
  1. Gully Erosion
  2. Raindrop or splash erosion
  3. Rill erosion
  4. Sheet erosion
  5. Streambank erosion
  6. Tunnel erosion
  7. Mass erosion
121
Q

Forms when drop of rain freezes and winds carry them

A

Hail

122
Q

Rain that freezes as it falls

A

Sleet

123
Q

Takes place wherever a river or stream changes course, causing the soil around it to erode.

A

Streambank erosion

124
Q

Formation of deep chanels that can cause extreme damage

A

Gully erosion

125
Q

It has minimal effect and occurs when raindrop fall on the soil surface carrying away small particles

A

Splash erosion

126
Q

It only removes thin layers of top soil that is common in areas with heavy anthropogenic activity.

A

Sheet erosion

Watershed Management (1 decks)

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