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PCD > Lesson 1-3 > Flashcards

Lesson 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Forms of Pre-stressing Steel

A

Tendon
Wires
Strands
Cable
Bars

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2
Q

a stretched element used in a concrete member to impart pre-stress to the concrete.

A

Tendon

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3
Q

a single unit made of steel.

A

Wires

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4
Q

two, three or seven wires are wound

A

Strands

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5
Q

a group of strands

A

Cable

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6
Q

Methods of Prestressing

A

Pre-tensioning
Post-tensioning

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7
Q

The tension is applied to the tendons before casting of the concrete. The pre-compression is transmitted from steel to concrete through a bond over the transmission length near the ends.

A

Pre-tensioning

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8
Q

when a material is subjected to repeated cycles of stress or strain and its structure breaks down and ultimately leads to fracture

A

Fatigue

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9
Q

when a material is subjected to a load for a very long time it may continue to deform until a sudden fracture occurs.

A

Creep

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10
Q

Types of Steel

A

Low-carbon Steel
Alloy Steel
Cast Iron

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11
Q

5 Factors that affect fatigue

A

Type of steel reinforcement
Stress level
Number of load cycles
Presence of stress concentrations
Environment

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12
Q

the time-dependent increase in strain under constant stress

A

Creep

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13
Q

the time-dependent decrease in stress under constant strain

A

Relaxation

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14
Q

Effect of High Temperature

A

Loss of strength
Fire resistance

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15
Q

Corrosion of Prestressing Steel

A

Chloride Ions
Carbonation
Hydrogen Sulfide
Stress corrosion cracking
Hydrogen Embrittlement

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16
Q

can come from a variety of sources, including seawater, deicing salts

A

Chloride Ions

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17
Q

reaction of carbon dioxide with the calcium hydroxide in concrete

A

Carbonation

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18
Q

can come from a variety of sources, including industrial emissions, sewage treatment plants, and decaying organic matter.

A

Hydrogen Sulfide

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19
Q

prestressed steel is subjected to high levels of stress and chloride ions

A

Stress corrosion cracking

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20
Q

prestressed steel is subjected to high levels of hydrogen

A

Hydrogen Embrittlement

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21
Q

Effects of Corrosion

A

Loss of strength
Cracks in the concrete
Fracture of the steel

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22
Q

cracks can allow water and other corrosive agents to penetrate the concrete and further accelerate the corrosion of the steel

A

Concrete cracking

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23
Q

the reduction in volume of concrete that occurs when it dries and hardens

A

Shrinkage

24
Q

the increase in strain in concrete that occurs under sustained loading

A

Creep

25
Q

Factors affecting shrinkage and creep

A

Type
Age
Moisture content
Temperature
Loading conditions

26
Q

Methods to predict shrinkage and creep

A

Theoretical models
Empirical models
Hybrid models

27
Q

based on the understanding of the physical mechanisms of shrinkage and creep

A

Theoretical models

28
Q

based on experimental data

A

Empirical models

29
Q

combination of theoretical and empirical approaches

A

Hybrid models

30
Q

Movements in concrete structures

A

Expansion
Shear
Bending

31
Q

the ability of a material to resist weathering or other destructive influences

A

Durability

32
Q

materials that are added to concrete during mixing to improve its properties

A

Admixtures

33
Q

Common types of admixtures

A

Water-reducing admixtures
Air-entraining admixtures
Cementitious admixtures
Retarding admixtures
Accelerating admixtures
Waterproofing admixtures
Corrosion inhibitors

34
Q

reduce the amount of water required to produce a workable concrete mix

A

Water-reducing admixtures

35
Q

introduce tiny air bubbles into the concrete mix

A

Air-entraining admixtures

36
Q

react with the cement in the concrete mix to improve its strength and durability

A

Cementitious admixtures

37
Q

slow down the setting time of the concrete mix

A

Retarding admixtures

38
Q

speed up the setting time of the concrete mix

A

Accelerating admixtures

39
Q

reduce the permeability of the concrete mix

A

Waterproofing admixtures

40
Q

protect the steel reinforcement in concrete from corrosion

A

Corrosion inhibitors

41
Q

Effects of Vibration

A

Low-intensity vibration
Moderate-intensity vibration
High-intensity vibration

42
Q

the ability of a material to resist sudden forces without breaking or deforming

A

Impact resistance

43
Q

a material will fail in shear when the shear stress reaches a critical value

A

Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion

44
Q

the ability of a material of resist forces that tend to cause two parts of the material to slide past each other

A

Shear resistance

45
Q

Types of Cracks

A

Hairline cracks
Wide cracks
Delamination

46
Q

are small, narrow cracks that are typically less than 0.1 mm wide

A

Hairline cracks

47
Q

more than 0.1 mm wide

A

Wide cracks

48
Q

the separation of the concrete from the reinforcement

A

Delamination

49
Q

4 Common causes of crack

A

Loading
Shrinkage
Corrosion of reinforcement
Defects in the concrete

50
Q

the deformation of reinforced concrete beams can be controlled by using a variety of techniques, such as using high-strength concrete, using closely spaced reinforcement, and using stirrups

A

Crack Control

51
Q

the deflection of reinforced concrete beams can be controlled by using a variety of techniques, such as using a deeper beam, using a smaller load, and using prestressing

A

Deflection Control

52
Q

Method of analyzing deformation

A

Elastic Theory
Plastic Theory
Finite Element Method

53
Q

assumes that the concrete and steel in the beam behave elastically

A

Elastic Theory

54
Q

assumes that the concrete in the beam behaves plastically after it reaches its yield strength

A

Plastic Theory

55
Q

a more sophisticated method that can account for the non-linear behavior of concrete and steel

A

Finite Element Method

56
Q

Factors of affecting deflection

A

Load-carrying capacity
Deflection resistance
Crack control
Durability

PCD (1 decks)

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