Lesson 1-3

Question 1

refers to the symbols that represent people, events, things, and ideas. Data can be a name, a number, the colors in a photograph, or the notes in a musical composition

Answer 1

Data

Question 2

refers to the form in which data is stored, processed, and transmitted

Answer 2

Data representation

Question 3

is the process of converting information, such as text, numbers, photo, or music, into digital data that can be manipulated by electronic devices

Answer 3

Digitization

Question 4

1s used to represent digital data are referred to as binary digits — from this term we get the word bit that stands for binary digit

Answer 4

0s and 1s

Question 5

usually referred to simply as a file, is a named collection of data that exits on a storage medium, such as a hard disk, CD, DVD, or flash drive

Answer 5

Digital file

Question 6

consists of numbers that can be used in arithmetic operations

Answer 6

Numeric data

Question 7

only has two digits: 0 and 1
No numeral like 2 exists in the system, so the number “two” is represented in binary as 10 (pronounced “one zero”)

Answer 7

Binary number system

Question 8

is composed of letters, symbols, and numerals that are not used in calculations
Examples of character data include your name, address, and hair color
Character data is commonly referred to as “text”

Answer 8

Character data

Question 9

(American Standard Code for Information Interchange, pronounced “ASK ee”) requires seven bits for each character
is a superset of ASCII that uses eight bits for each character
For example, Extended ASCII represents the uppercase letter A as 01000001
Using eight bits instead of seven bits allows Extended ASCII to provide codes for 256 characters
codes are used for numerals, such as Social Security numbers and phone numbers

Answer 9

ASCII

Question 10

”) uses sixteen bits and provides codes or 65,000 characters
This is a bonus for representing the alphabets of multiple languages

Answer 10

Unicode

Question 11

is a variable-length coding scheme that uses seven bits for common ASCII characters but uses sixteen-bit Unicode as necessary

Answer 11

UTF-8

Question 12

Plain, unformatted text
stored in a so-called text file with a name ending in .txt

Answer 12

ASCII

Question 13

A group of eight bits
Usually abbreviated as an uppercase B
Use for file sizes and storage capacities

Answer 13

Byte

Question 14

All of the data stored and transmitted by digital devices is encoded as
an abbreviation for binary digit, can be further abbreviated as a lowercase b

Answer 14

Bits

Question 15

extensively used to describe storage capacity and network access speed

Answer 15

Bits and bytes

Question 16

are used to quantify digital data

Answer 16

Kilo, mega, giga ,tera

Question 17

Kilobit (Kb or Kbit) can be used for slow data rates, such as a 56 Kbps (kilobits per second) dial-up connection.

Answer 17

Kbps (kilobit)

Question 18

is often used when referring to the size of small computer files.

Answer 18

KB(kilobyte)

Question 19

is used for faster data rates, such as a 50 Mbps (megabits per second) Internet connection.

Answer 19

(Megabit)

Question 20

is typically used when referring to the size of files containing photos and videos.

Answer 20

MB(Megabyte)

Question 21

is used for really fast network speeds.

Answer 21

Gbit(Gigabit)

Question 22

is commonly used to refer to storage capacity.

Answer 22

GB(Gigabyte)

Question 23

refers to any technique that recodes the data in a file so that it contains fewer bits
reffered to as zipping

Answer 23

Data compression

Question 24

provides a way to compress data and reconstitute it into its original state; uncompressed data stays exactly the same as the original data

Answer 24

Lossless compression

Question 25

throws away some of the original data during the compression process; uncompressed data is not exactly the same as the original

Answer 25

Lossy compression

Question 26

Software for compressing data is sometimes referred to as a

Answer 26

utility or a zip tool

Question 27

The process of reconstituting files is called

Answer 27

extracting or unzipping

Question 28

compressed files may end with a

Answer 28

.zip, .gz, .pkg, or .tar.gz

Question 29

is a multipurpose device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions

Answer 29

Computer

Question 30

is whatever is typed, submitted, or transmitted to a computer

Answer 30

Input

Question 31

is the result produced by a computer

Answer 31

Output

Question 32

performing calculations, modifying documents and pictures, drawing graphs, and sorting lists of words or numbers

Answer 32

Process data

Question 33

Processing is handled by the computer’s

Answer 33

Central Processing unit(CPU)

Question 34

The instructions that tell a digital device how to carry out processing tasks are referred to as a

Answer 34

Computer program

Question 35

, Software

Answer 35

Software

Question 36

means that a series of instructions for computing a task can be loaded into a computer’s memory

Answer 36

Stored program

Question 37

Tree main types pf software

Answer 37

Application software System software Development tools

Question 38

is a set of computer programs that helps a person carry out a task

Answer 38

Application software

Question 39

is to help the computer system monitor itself in order to function efficiently (an example of system software example: computer operating system or OS

Answer 39

System Software

Question 40

is to help the computer system monitor itself in order to function efficiently (an example of system software is a

Answer 40

Development tools

Question 41

is to help the computer system monitor itself in order to function efficiently (an example of system software is a

Answer 41

Digital electronics

Question 42

is to help the computer system monitor itself in order to function efficiently (an example of system software is a

Answer 42

system board

Question 43

refers to the size and dimensions of a device or components, such as circuit boards and system units

Answer 43

Form factor

Question 44

is tech speak for the part of a digital device that holds the system board

Answer 44

System unit

Question 45

Four components of digital devices that require maintenance

Answer 45

System unit Keyboard Screen Battery

Question 46

designed to repel oils from fingertips

Answer 46

Oleophobic coating

Question 47

can overheat, and in the worst case, they can explode Present in battery powered digital devices

Answer 47

Lithium ion battery

Question 48

Types of "Big computers"

Answer 48

Supercomputers Mainframes Servers

Question 49

considered the fastest computers in the world at the time of construction; can tackle complex tasks other computers cannot; typical use includes breaking codes, modeling weather systems, and simulating nuclear explosions

Answer 49

Supercomputers

Question 50

a large and expensive computer capable of simultaneously processing data for hundreds or thousands of users; looks like a closet-sized cabinet; used to provide centralized storage, processing, and management for large amounts of data

Answer 50

Mainframes

Question 51

“serves” data to computers in a network; Google search results are provided by servers; about the size of a desk draw and mounted in racks of multiple servers

Answer 51

Servers

Question 52

is designed to meet the computing needs of an individual

Answer 52

A personal computer (PC)

Question 53

Personal computers can be classified as

Answer 53

Desktops Portables Laptops Tablets Smartphones

Question 54

fit on a desk and run on power from a wall outlet; keyboard is typically separate from the monitor; popular in offices and schools

Answer 54

Desktops:

Question 55

: run on battery power; their components are contained in a single case for easy transportation

Answer 55

Portables:

Question 56

also referred to as a notebook computer; small and lightweight with a clamshell design and keyboard at the base

Answer 56

Laptops:

Question 57

is a portable computing device featuring a touch-sensitive screen used for input and output; uses a specialized

Answer 57

Tablets: a tablet computer

Question 58

configuration has a narrow frame screen that lacks a physical keyboard; Apple iPad is a slate tablet

Answer 58

a slate tablet

Question 59

mobile devices with features similar to a tablet computer; provide telecommunications capabilities over cell phone networks

Answer 59

Smartphones

Question 60

Just a tad larger than a deck of cards; the Raspberry Pi can be connected to a keyboard and screen for a full computer experience

Answer 60

Raspberry Pi

Question 61

are handheld devices that can store and play music; iPod touch is a portable media player

Answer 61

Portable media players

Question 62

multifunctional devices that include a camera, thermometer, compass, calculator, cell phone, GPS, media player, and fitness tracker

Answer 62

smartwatches

Question 63

monitor your steps and heart rate

Answer 63

Activity trackers

Question 64

Fitness tracker

Answer 64

smart appliances

Question 65

The most popular digital devices are

Answer 65

desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones

Question 66

Computers that operate essentially the same way and use the same software are said to be

Answer 66

compatible or having the same “platform” You can assess whether two computers are compatible by checking their operating systems

Question 67

is an integrated circuit designed to process instructions It is the most important, and usually the most expensive, component of a digital device

Answer 67

microprocessor

Question 68

technology was originally designed by ARM Holdings, a British technology company founded by Acorn Computers, Apple Inc., and VLSI Technology ARM processors are energy efficient — an important characteristic for battery-powered devices

Answer 68

ARM

Question 69

C++, BASIC, COBOL

Answer 69

Programming language

Question 70

that corresponds to the microprocessor’s instruction set

Answer 70

Machine language

Question 71

is part of the microprocessor that performs arithmetic operations, such as addition and subtraction

Answer 71

ALU(arithmetic logic unit)

Question 72

refers to the process in which a computer executes a single instruction

Answer 72

Instruction cycle

Question 73

Machine language instructions for programs are held in memory; when the program begins, the memory address of the first instruction is placed in a part of the microprocessor’s control unit called an

Answer 73

Instruction pointer

Answer 74

Microprocessor clock

Question 75

means a billion cycles per second

Answer 75

Gigahertz (GHz)

Question 76

A microprocessor that contains circuitry for more than one processing unit is called a

Answer 76

multi-core processor

Question 77

the processor must complete all steps in the instruction cycle before it begins to execute the next instruction

Answer 77

serial processing

Question 78

When a processor begins to execute an instruction before it completes the previous instruction, it is using

Answer 78

pipeline processing

Question 79

executes more than one instruction at a time and works well with today’s multi-core microprocessors

Answer 79

parallel processing

Question 80

(pronounced “cash”) is a special high-speed memory that allows a microprocessor to access data more rapidly

Answer 80

CPU cache

Question 81

refers to the number of bits that a microprocessor can manipulate at one time; it limits the amount of memory that the processor can access

Answer 81

Word size

Question 82

reduced instruction set computer

Answer 82

A RISC

Question 83

complex instruction set computer

Answer 83

CISC

Question 84

(random access memory) is a temporary holding area for data, application program instructions, and the operating system

Answer 84

RAM

Question 85

(read-only memory) is a type of memory circuitry that is housed in a single integrated circuit on the system board

Answer 85

ROM

Question 86

tell a digital device how to start

Answer 86

boot loader

Question 87

the hard drives, CDs, DVDs, flash drives, solid state drives, and memory cards that contains data

Answer 87

storage medium

Question 88

– the mechanical apparatus that records and retrieves data from a storage medium

Answer 88

storage device

Question 89

represents data by magnetizing microscopic particles on a disk or tape surface

Answer 89

Magnetic storage

Question 90

contains one or more platters and their associated read-write heads

Answer 90

A hard disk drive

Question 91

– the average time it takes a computer to locate data on the storage medium and read it

Answer 91

access time

Question 92

the amount of data a storage device can move per second from the storage medium to RAM

Answer 92

data transfer rate

Question 93

, which represents data as microscopic light and dark spots on the disc surface

Answer 93

optical storage

Question 94

(sometimes called flash memory) stores data in erasable, rewritable circuitry, rather than on spinning disks or streaming tape

Answer 94

solid state storage

Question 95

, meaning the circuits retain data without an external power source

Answer 95

non-volatile

Question 96

is a flat, solid state storage medium commonly used to transfer files from digital cameras and media players to computers

Answer 96

Memory card

Question 97

) is a package of flash memory that can be used as a substitute for a hard disk drive

Answer 97

A solid state drive (SSD)

Question 98

is a portable storage device that plugs directly into a computer’s system unit using a built-in USB connector

Answer 98

A USB flash drive

Question 99

is housed on an external device that can be accessed from a network

Answer 99

Remote Storage

Question 100

Remote storage can also be available as an Internet service, in which case it is called

Answer 100

cloud storage

Question 101

the more places your data is stored and the more networks on which it travels, the more susceptible it becomes to intercepts from hackers and government spying agencies

Answer 101

Security and privacy risks

Question 102

when a cloud storage site has an outage, all the data stored there becomes temporarily inaccessible

Answer 102

Service outages

Question 103

some cloud storage providers have closed down their services with little warning

Answer 103

Discontinuation of service

Question 104

Your documents, photos, music, videos—all the goodies that you’ve created and gathered—can be difficult or impossible to reconstruct from scratch

Answer 104

Data files

Question 105

How much time did you spend customizing your home screen, entering contacts, choosing passwords, and setting preferences for your favorite apps? No one wants to have to do that all over again!

Answer 105

settings, accounts and profiles

Question 106

they expand the options for input, output, and storage

Answer 106

expansion ports

Question 107

A common wireless technology for connecting peripherals is

Answer 107

Bluetooth

Question 108

is software that helps a peripheral device establish communication with its host device

Answer 108

device driver

Question 109

technology produces an image by filtering light through a layer of liquid crystal cells

Answer 109

LCD (liquid crystal display)

Question 110

algorithms gather data, analyze it, and then carry out the required actions

Answer 110

sense-plan-act algorithms

Question 111

Sensors on the vehicle gather raw data about the nearby environment and the status of the vehicle itself. Environmental data comes from sensing nearby vehicles, people, animals, and other objects, as well as the roadway itself. Vehicle status data includes speed, direction, angle, and altitude. Sensor data is delivered to an onboard computer, where software quickly processes the input to identify road hazards and navigational points.

Answer 111

sense

Question 112

Based on its interpretation of sensor data, the onboard computer applies a series of rules to determine the best course of action. For example, if radar data indicates that the vehicle ahead is slowing down, the computer must decide whether to adjust its speed or change lanes. The decision is based on rules such as “If the vehicle ahead slows down gradually, and the left lane is clear, then move to the left lane.”

Answer 112

plan

Question 113

After the computer determines a course of action, it sends signals to the vehicle’s control systems. A signal to the car’s steering system can initiate a lane change. Signals could also be sent to the car’s throttle or braking system to achieve a change in speed.

Answer 113

act

Question 114

(light detection and radar) is a key input for the computer algorithms that steer an autonomous vehicle, but radar, sonar, infrared, GPS, cameras, and internal navigation systems also supply essential data

Answer 114

Lidar

Question 115

adds more data about the nearby environment. Radar, which uses sound waves, does a good job of sensing metallicobjects, but does not sense pedestrians and other non-metallic objects. It is primarily used to track nearby vehicles. It is currently used in adaptive cruise control systems to maintain a safe distance to the car in front.

Answer 115

Radar

Question 116

uses orbiting satellites to determine a vehicle’s position. The coordinates received from the GPS are cross-referenced with digital road maps. Civilian GPS is accurate to about ten feet, but augmentation technology improves location accuracy. Soon, augmented GPS systems should be able to calculate position with accuracy of one inch.

Answer 116

GPS

Question 117

sensors can be used to sense the heat signatures of pedestrians and animals, particularly when it is dark.

Answer 117

Infrared

Question 118

(INS) include gyroscopes and accelerometers that continuously calculate position, orientation, and speed of the vehicle.

Answer 118

Internal navigation systems