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Medical Microbiology > Lesson 1-3 > Flashcards

Lesson 1-3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Define Disease.

A

The Abnormal state of a part or whole body, not capable of carrying out normal body function.

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2
Q

Define Pathogen.

A

Pathos- disease; genein- to produce

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3
Q

Give examples of human pathogen

A

Prions, viruses, bacteria, chlarydiae, fungi, protozoa, helminths, arthropods, etc

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4
Q

What is communicable disease? How do they spread?

A

Illness caused by virus or bacteria.
Spread through one another thru contact w/ contaminated surfaces (fomites), bodily fluids, blood, insect bites or through air.
*other routes: fecal-oral route, sexual intercourse, droplets

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5
Q

Give examples of a communicable disease

A

HIV, COVID-19, Hepatitis (A,B,C), Measles, etc

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6
Q

What is Miasma Theory? Who is its proponent?

A

•It states that diseases are produced due to polluted vapors, poisonous unations from putrefying carcasses, rotting vegetations or molds and invisible dust particles inside dwellings.
*Miasma (foul smell)
•Hippocrates

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7
Q

What is Germ theory of Disease?

A

States that certain disease are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms . Organisms too small to be seen except through microscope.

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8
Q

Who is Joseph Lister?

A

Revolutionized surgical practice by utilizing carbolic acid (phenol) to exclude atmospheric germs.

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9
Q

Who is Ignaz Semmelweis?

A

Proposed hand washing could prevent spread of infection.

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10
Q

Enumerate the Koch’s Postulate (Robert Koch)

A
  1. The pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent in healthy animals
  2. The pathogen must be grown in pure culture
  3. Cells from pure culture should cause disease in a healthy animal (Inoculation)
  4. The suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original
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11
Q

What are the diagnostic methods in microbiology?

A
  1. Culture based
  2. Nucleic acid based
  3. Immunological
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12
Q

How many species of microbes are found in the following:
1. Mouth, pharynx, and respiratory system
2. Stomach
3. Skin
4. Intestines
5. Urogenital track

A
  1. 600+
  2. 25
  3. 1000
  4. 500-1000
  5. 60
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13
Q

What is symbiosis?

A
  • Forms a symbiotic relationship b/w microbes and host
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14
Q

What are the 3 types of symbiotic relationship between microbes and humans? Define each.

A
  1. Mutualism- both the host and the microorganism benefits from the relationship.
  2. Commensalism- the microorganism benefits from the host but the host neither benefits nor harmed (e.g. Staphylococcus in the akin).
  3. Parasitism- the microorganism benefits from the relationship and the host is harmed ( e.g. Tuberculosis bacteria in lungs).
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15
Q

Some parts of the body are considered “Axenic”. What is axenic? Give some examples.

A

Axenic- the part of the body that is considered as sterile/free of microorganisms.

Ex. Uterus, womb, small bronchi, alveoli

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16
Q

What is the difference between Microbiota and Microbiome?

A

Microbiota refers to the microorganisms that are found in the body/ specific niche. Meanwhile, microbiome refers to the collection of genomes from all the microorganisms in the environment.

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of Normal Microbiota?

A
  1. Resident Microbiota- remain part of the microbiota of a person throughout life. Most are commensals
  2. Transient Microbiota- Remain in the body for only a few hours, days, or months before disappearing.
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18
Q

What are the NM of the conjunctiva?

A

Coagulase-negative staphylococci
Haemophilus spp.
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococci (v. sp.)

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19
Q

What are the NM of the outer ear?

A

Coagulase-negative staphylococci
Diphtheroids
Pseudomonas spp.
Enterobacteriacieae (occasionally)

20
Q

What are the NM of the nose?

A

Coagulase-negative staphylococci
Viridans streptococci
Staphylococcus aureus
Neisseria spp.
Haemophillus spp.
Streptococcus pneumoniae

21
Q

What are the NM of the stomach?

A

Streptococcus
Lactobacillus
Staphylococcus
Peptostreptococcus

22
Q

What are the NM of the mouth and oropharynx?

A

Viridians streptococci
Coagulase-negative streptococci
Fusobacterium spp.
Treponema spp.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Candida spp.
Diptheroids
Actinomyces spp.
Staphylococcus aureus

23
Q

What are the NM of the oral cavity?

A

Streptococcus viridans
Corynebacterium
Bacteriodes
Moraxella
Candida

24
Q

✨KEEP CALM AND JUST PAUSE✨

A

🤩💗💗💗🤝

25
Q

CHECKPOINT! 👮‍♂️🚨

You can pause for a while lemme just check your relax face 🤩

A

😌😆😆😜

26
Q

What are the NM of the skin?

A

Coagulase-negative staphylococci
Diphtheroids
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococci (v. sp.)
Bacillus spp.
Candida spp.
Mycobacterium spp.

27
Q

What are the NM of the small intestine?

A

Lactobacillus spp.
Bacteriodes spp.
Clostridium spp.
Mycobacterium spp.
Enterococci
Enterobacteriacieae

28
Q

What are the NM of the Urethra?

A

Coagulase-negative staphylococci
Diphtheroids
Streptococci (v. sp.)
Mycobacterium spp.
Bacteriodes spp.
Fusobacterium spp.
Peptostreptococcus spp.

29
Q

What are the NM of the vagina?

A

Lactobacillus spp.
Peptostreptococcus spp.
Diphtheroids spp.
Streptococci (v. sp.)
Clostridium spp.
Bacteriodes spp.
Candida spp.
Gardnerella vaginalis

Note: Microbiota change as acidity in vagina changes during menstrual cycle. Flow of urines prevent extensive colonization

30
Q

What are the NM of the large intestine?

A

Bacteriodes spp.
Fusobacterium spp.
Clostridium spp.
Escherichia coli
Peptostreptococcus spp.
Lactobacillus spp.
Enterococci
Streptococci (v. sp.)
Pseudomonas spp.
Actinomyces spp.
Coagulase-negative staphylococci

31
Q

What are the predominant phyla of microorganisms that are found in the skin?

A

Actinobacteria
Bacteriodetes
Cyanobacteria
Firmicutes
Proteobacteria

32
Q

What are the NM of the respiratory tract? *Nose

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Diphtheroids

33
Q

What are the NM of the respiratory tract? * Throats

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Diphtheroids
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus viridans
Haemophilus sp.
Neisseria sp.

34
Q

What are the NM of the respiratory tract? * Pharynx

A

Non-haemolytic and a-haemolytic streptococci
Neisseria

insert
Lower respiratory tract are generally sterile; but sometimes transiently colonized.

35
Q

What are the number of microorganism in the Gastrointestinal tract (GIT)?

A
  • Stomach- <10^4/g…… (pH 2)
    *Duodenum-
  • Jejunum- 10^3- 10^5/g….(pH 4)
  • Ileum- 10^8/g…..(pH 5)
  • Colon- 10^11-10^12/g….(pH 7)
    *Rectum-

Note: Lower digestive tract microorganisms are mostly strict anaerobes (96-99%) and some facultative anaerobes (1-4%).

36
Q

STOOOOOPPP! ✋

Take a break pal 🥰

A

🥰✨

37
Q

What are the NM of the GIT? *Esophagus

A

Prevotella
Streptococcus
Veillonella

38
Q

What are the biochemical/metabolic contributions of intestinal microorganism?

A
  1. Vitamin synthesis (e.g. Thiamine, riboflavin, pyrodoxine, B12, K)
  2. Gas Production (e.g. CH4, H2)
  3. Odor Production (e.g. H2S, NH3, Amines, indole, skatole, butyric acid)
  4. Organic acid production (e.g Acetic, propionic, butyric acids)
  5. Glycosidase Reactions (e.g. B-glucosidase, B-galactosidase, B-glucurosidase, a-glucosidase, a-galactosidase)
  6. Steroid metabolism (bile acids) (e.g. Esterified, dehydroxylated, oxidized, or reduced steroids)
39
Q

How do newborns acquire NM?

A

Types of delivery (Acquisition of NM)
1. Vaginal delivery
- Introduced to vaginal microbe: Lactobacillus
-thus, normal introduction of gut microbes
-Leads to: Normal development of immune system
*Production of specific cytokines for proper immune system dev’t.

  1. Cesarean Delivery
    - Introduced to skin flora: Staphylococcus
    - thus, Abnormal microbial introduction
    - Leading to: Disrupted intestinal microbial colonization
    * Increased risk for atopic disease, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and celiac disease.
    * Association: Delayed onset of lactation-lacks breast milk to support gut flora.
40
Q

Human’s window opportunity for microbiota

A
  1. Prenatal factors
    - Placenta
  2. Neonatal factors
    - Mode of delivery
    - Gestational age
  3. Post natal factors
    - Feeding (breast milk vs. formula)
    - Geographical location
    - Family members
    - Host interaction
    -Maternal diet
    - Weaning
41
Q

What are the 3 conditions to create opportunities for pathogen?

A
  1. Immune suppression
    - due to disease, malnutrition, emotional or physical stress, extremes of age, use of radiation or immunosuppressive drugs.
  2. Changes in NM
    - Microbial antagonism/ competition
    (e.g. Antibiotics killing normal bacteria, thus, Candida albicans proliferate)
  3. Introduction to an unusual site in the body
    (e.g. E. coli in urethra, thus, causes UTI)
42
Q

Who is credited with the discovery of the importance of intestinal flora?

A

Dr. Metchrikoff

43
Q

FACT (Bonus)

A

16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes can detect at least 66% of the anaerobic fecal flora in humans

44
Q

The functions of the NM is called as ______? Enumerate them.

A

Microflora-associated characteristics (MAC)

  1. Digestion of metabolizable substrates
    - Nutrients in upper IT & available substrate include dietary fibers, starches, oligosaccharides, sugars, lipids, and proteins.
    - other source of nutrients: the colon itself. Indogenous mucins, sloughed epithelial, enterocyte tissues, bacterial debris, bile acids, cholesterol
    - Bacteria digest the non-absorbed dietary carbohydrates which produces the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
    - SCFAs produce acetic , propionic, and butyric acids
    * Propionic and acetic acids- stimulates salt-water absorption
    * Butyric acid- maintenance of the integrity of colonic epithelial layer.
  2. Colonization Resistance
    - Normal flora serves as the first line of defense against invasion by exogenous, pathogenic organism or indigenous opportunistic organism.
  3. Production of Vitamins
    - Intestinal flora produces vitamins such as pantothenic acid (B5), biotin (Vit. H), pyrodoxine (B6), menaquinone (Vit. K2), Vit. B12, niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin. Without intestinal flora these vitamins would not be produced or broken down into absorbable form.
  4. Development of Attachment sites
    - Mucin can serve as a lubricant, aid in the attachment of microbes or protects mucosal layer.
  5. Stimulation of Immune System
    - Intestinal flora is involved in the development of tolerance to antigens
    - Peptostreptococci reduced translocation rates of E. coli and increased serum anti- E.coli antigen (Peptostreptococci acts as an immune system primer to other bacterial antigen)
  6. Stimulation of intestinal transit
    - Intestinal flora stimulates prestalsis or involved in the enteric nervous system.
  7. Colonic physiology and maturation
    - Intestinal MF stimulates the maturation and turnover rates in colonic epithelial cells.
45
Q

TIME FOR A BREAK! 😇 BRB

A

🏃💨

46
Q

Differentiate Autochtonous flora with Allochtonous species.

A

Autochtonous flora refers to the indigenous species that normally inhabit a given ecological niche. Meanwhile, Allochtonous flora refers to the microbial species that are not normally present to a given ecological niche.

Medical Microbiology (1 decks)

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