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psychology - approaches > lesson 1,2,3 origin of psychology > Flashcards

lesson 1,2,3 origin of psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

definition of psychology

A

scientific study of the mind and behaviour

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2
Q

definition of science

A

the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence.

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3
Q

rene descartes (1596-1650)

A

french philosopher who suggested that the mind and body are independent from each other (catersian dualism). he found that the mind could be study in its own right, he demonstrated his own existence “i think therefore i am”.

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4
Q

wilhelm wundt

A

father of psychology, his ideas stem from philosophical roots.
opened the first experimental psychological laboratory in 1879, leipzig, germany
helped shape psychology as a science
lab was designed strictly for controlled conditions
devised introspection

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5
Q

introspection definition

A

the first systematic and experimental attempt to study the mind/mental processes by breaking down conscious awareness into basic structures of reflections, thoughts, images and sensations

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6
Q

what is introspection

A

a way of studying internal mental events

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7
Q

structuralism definition

A

proposes that the structure of conscious experience could be understood by analyzing the basic elements of thoughts and sensations.

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8
Q

what is structuralism in psychology

A

a theory of consciousness

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9
Q

structuralism method

A

involves use of introspection, self-reports of sensations, views, feelings, emotions. wundt and his workers recording their own conscious thoughts and breaking them down into their constituent parts.

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10
Q

what did wundt want from structuralism

A

he wanted to document and describe the structure of human consciousness.
he wanted to study psychology in the same way as the traditional sciences.

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11
Q

constituent parts

A

sensations, emotions, reactions

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12
Q

how did wundt investigate introspection?

A

he used scientific methods to investigate introspection. this lead to the development of cognitive psychology.

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13
Q

how was introspection recorded

A

under strictly controlled conditions in a laboratory using the same stimuli, reactions times and instructions for each of the participants and they had to focus on present experiences. involved one saying

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14
Q

john locke (1632-1704)

A

proposed empiricism which would later form the behaviourist approach

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15
Q

charles darwin (1809-1882)

A

his evolutionary throes that all humans and animals that are weaker will be weeded out but individuals with stronger and more adaptable genes will survive and reproduce

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16
Q

purpose of introspection

A

scientific method to study mental processes

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17
Q

what is introspection

A

systematic analysis is of ones own conscious experience of a stimulus

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18
Q

what is structuralism and why did wundt focus on this

A

a throes of consciousness involving introspection, self documentation, feelings and emotions, he wanted to do this to document and describe the structure of the human consciousness

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19
Q

why did wundt want to study psychology in the same way as traditional science?

A

because he wanted psychology to emerge as a traditional science and he scientific methods to stuffy introspection

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20
Q

why is introspection highly reliable

A

because the experiments were conducted under highly controlled conditions to be easy to replicate.

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21
Q

watson and early behaviours

A

early 20th century psychologists were starting to doubt the value of introspection, especially watson, who argued that it was subjective so varied from person to person so it was harder to develop general principles.

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22
Q

what did watson propose

A

that scientific psychology should be restricted to phenomena that could be measured and observed

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23
Q

strengths of introspection

A

paved the way for psychology as a science
extremely scientific due to high level of control
establishes what causes behaviour
used today in cognitive therapy
supports reductionism

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24
Q

weaknesses of introspection

A

watson criticised wundt as he believed that introspection was subjective
not very scientific
wilson claims we cant use introspection to uncover and understand all behaviours
fails to explain how the mind works and the process of thoughts.

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25
Q

psychology in the 17th-19th centuries

A

experimental philosophy

26
Q

1897 psychology

A

wundt opens first experimental lab in leipzig and psychology emerges as its own discipline

27
Q

1900s psychology

A

freud introduced the psychodynamic approach and psychoanalysis. he argued that physical problems can be explained by conflicts in the mind. dominated next 50 years of psych

28
Q

1913 psychology

A

watson writes psychology as the behaviourist views and sinner establishes the behaviourist approach. dominated psych for next 50 years

29
Q

1950s psychology

A

rogers and maslow develop the humanistic approach (importance of self determination and free will)

30
Q

1960s psychology

A

cognitive revolution (computer era), reintroduces the study of mental processes to psych but more scientific than wundt

31
Q

1960s psychology p2

A

bandura proposes the social learning theory (role of cognitive factors in learning)

32
Q

social learning theory

A

role of cognitive factors in learning providing a bridge between the newly established cognitive approach and traditional behaviourism

33
Q

cognitive approach

A

reintroduces study of mental processes burt more scientific than wundt due to computers

34
Q

humanistic approach

A

self determination and free will

35
Q

freud - psychodynamic approach and psychoanalysis

A

physical external problems can be explained by conflicts within the mind

36
Q

1980s onwards in psychology

A

biological approach is the most dominant scientific view of psychology due to advances in technology that have lead to greater understanding of the brain and biological processes

37
Q

late 1900s in psychology

A

cognitive neuroscience emerged as a distinct discipline combining biological and cognitive approaches.

38
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

built on earlier models and investigates how biological structures influence mental states.

39
Q

wundts method of introspection

A

reporting mental experience

40
Q

what did behaviourists suggest about all species

A

that basic processes that control learning are the same in all species so animals could replace humans in experiments.

41
Q

behaviourists identified 2 types of learning

A

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

42
Q

pavlov - classical conditioning

A

learning through demonstration. he demonstrated that dogs could salivate to the sound of a bell if it was repeatedly presented at the same time as their food.

43
Q

neutral stimulus

A

eg. the bell (pavlov)

44
Q

conditioned response occurs through

A

association

45
Q

before classical conditioning (pavlov’s dogs)

A

food (ucs) produces UR of dog salivating.

bell (NS) is rung and the dog does not respond

46
Q

during classical conditioning (pavlov’s dogs)

A

food (UCS) repeatedly paired with the bell (NS) to produce salivation (UCR).

47
Q

after classical conditioning (pavlov’s dogs)

A

present the bell alone (CS) and the dogs will salivate (CR). learning has taken place via classical conditioning and association has been established.

48
Q

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

any stimulus that elicits a natural response (not learned)

49
Q

unconditioned response (UCR)

A

any natural response that doesn’t require learning

50
Q

neutral stimulus (NR)

A

any stimulus that doesn’t elicit a response

51
Q

neutral response (NR)

A

when no reaction is elected from the stimulus

52
Q

classical conditioning (CC)

A

when NS is constantly paired with UCS and then association is made and the pair becomes CS

53
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

this is an unconditioned stimulus that has been posited with the neutral stimulus

54
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

when an unconditioned response is paired with a neutral response and then the NS elicits a CR

55
Q

principles of classical conditioning

A 
stimulus generalisation 
discrimination 
extinction 
timing 
spontaneous recovery
56
Q

stimulus generalisation (CC)

A

stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimuli will cause the same conditioned response

57
Q

discrimination

A

stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimuli will not produce the conditioned response, this is done by withholding the unconditioned stimulus when the similar stimulus is presented

58
Q

extinction

A

conditioned response isn’t produced because of the bell. occurs when the bell is rung without the food.

59
Q

timing

A

if the NS cannot be used to predict the UCS, if it’s happens after the UCS or the time interval between the two is too long, then conditioning doesn’t take place

60
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

psychology - approaches (1 decks)

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