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Systems Engineering > Lesson 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Meaning of the Greek word “systema”

A

Organized whole

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2
Q

A regularly interacting or independent group of item forming a unified whole

A

Systems

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3
Q

A collection of elements and a collection of inter-relationships amongst the elements such that they can be viewed as a bounded whole relative to the elements around them

A

Systems

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4
Q

A combination of interacting elements organized to achieve one or more stated purposes

A

Engineered System

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5
Q

Specialization of system which fullfils the basic properties of all systems, but which is explicitly man-made, contains technology, exists for purpose and is engineered through a series of managed life cycle activities to make it better able to achieve that purpose.

A

Engineered System

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6
Q

Interdisiplinary, collaborative approach to the engineering of systems (of any type) which aims to capture stockholder needs and objectives ad to transform these into a description of holistic, life-cycle balanced system solution which both satisfies the minimum requirements and optimizes overall project and system effectiveness according to the values and the stakeholders.

A

Systems engineering

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7
Q

Incorporates both technical and management process.

A

Systems engineering

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8
Q

A person who practices systems engineering

A

Systems Engineer

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9
Q

Supports the life cycle process beginning early in conceptual design and continuining throughput the lifecycle of the system through its manufacture, deployment, use, and disposal.

A

Systems Engineer

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10
Q

Must analyze, specify, design, and verify the system to ensure that its functional, interface, performance, physical, and other quality characteristics, and costare balanced to meet the needs of the system stakeholders.

A

Systems Engineer

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11
Q

Helps ensure the elemets of the system fit together to accomplish the objectives of the whole, and ultimately satisfy the needs of the customers and other stakeholders who will acquire and use the system

A

Systems Engineer

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12
Q

(In broad community) may mean an engineered system, a natural system, a social system, or all three.

A

System

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13
Q

Focuses on the domain of the engineered system (ES)

A

Systems engineering

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14
Q

Treated as a special form of engineered system

A

Sociotechnical systems

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15
Q

The degree to which a system’s design or code is difficult to understand because of the numerous components or relationships among components

A

Complexity

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16
Q

The principle that whole entities exhibit properties which are meaningful only when attributed to the whole, not to its parts

A

Emergence

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17
Q

Made up of combination of elements

A

System

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18
Q

Building blocks of a systems and are not just hardware but can also include software, and can even include personnel, facilities, policies, documents, and data bases

A

Elements

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19
Q

Divided into a hierarchy of sets of elements that include subsystems, components, subcomponents, and parts

A

System

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20
Q

Set of interrelated components functioning together toward some common objective(s) or purpose(s).

A

System

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21
Q

Parts of a system. the operating parts of a system consisting of input, process, and output.

A

Components

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22
Q

Properties (characteristics, configuration, qualities, owners, constraints, and state) of the components and of the system as a whole

A

Attributes

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23
Q

Between pairs of linked components are the result of engineering the attributes of both components so that the pair operates together effectively in contributing to the system’s purpose(s).

A

Relationships

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24
Q

Purposeful action performed by a system

A

Function

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25
Q

Common system function is that of _____ material, energy, or information

A

Altering

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26
Q

Embraces input, output, process

A

Alteration

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27
Q

Static parts (systems that alter)

A

Structural components

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28
Q

Parts that perform the processing (systems that alter)

A

Operating components

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29
Q

Material, energy, or information being altered (systems that alter)

A

Flow components

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30
Q

Symbiosis, association of two unlike organisms for the benefit of each other

A

First order relationships

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31
Q

Synergistic, those that are complementary and add to system performance

A

Second-order relationships

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32
Q

Exists when duplicate components are present for the purpose of assuring continuation of the system function in case of component failure

A

Redundancy

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33
Q

The lower system, if two hierarchical level are involved in a given system

A

Subsystem

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34
Q

Everything that remains outside the boundaries of a system

A

Environment

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35
Q

Material, energy, and/or information often pass through the boundaries

A

Inputs

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36
Q

Material, energy, and/or information that pass from the system to the environment

A

Outputs

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37
Q

Enters the system in one form and leaves the system in another form

A

Throughput

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38
Q

At whatever level in the hierarchy, consists of all components, attributes and relationships needed to accomplish one or more objectives

A

Total System

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39
Q

(Placed on the system) limit its operation and define the boundary within which it is intended to operate.

A

Constraints

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40
Q

Include those that came into being through natural processes

A

Natural Systems

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41
Q

Those in which human beings have intervened through components, attributes, and relationships

A

Human-made systems

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42
Q

Natural system into which a human-made system has been integrated as a subsystem

A

Human-modified systems

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43
Q

An organizations of ideas

A

Conceptual systems

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44
Q

Are those that manifest themselves in physical form. Those made up of real components occupying space

A

Physical systems

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45
Q

Those that have structure, but without activity (as viewed in a relatively short period of time)

A

Static systems

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46
Q

One whose states do not change because it has structural components but no operating or flow components, as exemplified by a bridge

A

Static systems

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47
Q

Exhibit behaviors because it combines structural components with operating and/or flow components

A

Dynamic systems

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48
Q

One that is relatively self-contained and does not significantly interact with its environment

A

Closed systems

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49
Q

Usually exhibit the characteristic of equilibrium resulting from internal rigidity that maintains the system in spite of influences from the environment

A

Closed systems

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50
Q

Only provides a context for the system

A

Environment

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51
Q

Allows information, energy, and matter to cross its boundaries.

A

Open systems

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52
Q

Interact with their environment; exhibit the characteristics of steady state, wherein a dynamic interaction of system elements adjusts to changes in the environment.

A

Open systems

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53
Q

Self-regulatory and often self-adoptive

A

Open systems

54
Q

May involve both the customer (or procuring agency) and the producer (or contractor)

A

Acquisition Phase

55
Q

May include a combination of contractor and customer (or ultimate user) activities

A

Utilization Phase

56
Q

Systematic approach to creating system design that simultaneously considers all phases of the life cycle, from conception through disposal, to include consideration of production, distribution, maintenance, phase-out, and so on.

A

Concurrent Engineering

57
Q

Simultaneously responsive to customer needs and to life-cycle outcomes

A

Life cycle - guided design

58
Q

Introduced by Royce in 1970, initially for software development

A

Waterfall Process Model

59
Q

Collect information and data (waterfall model)

A

Requirement Analysis

60
Q

Feasibility; specify if software is doable or not (waterfall model)

A

Specifications

61
Q

Defines architecture of the project (WM)

A

Design

62
Q

Focus on the models (flowchart, flow diagram, decision tree)(WM)

A

High Level Design (HLD)

63
Q

Focus on components (WM)

A

Low Level Design (LLD)

64
Q

Must work on the encoding of the project (WM)

A

Implementation

65
Q

Testing th functionality (WM)

A

Test

66
Q

Bug-free or error-free, deployment of system (WM)

A

Deployment/Installation

67
Q

Includes error correction/to value the software overtime (WM)

A

Maintenance

68
Q

Boehm, 1986; Adopted from waterfall model; Iterative; Prototyping; Risk driven approach for development of products or system

A

Spiral Process Model

69
Q

Includes planning process, tasks, resource defining, team planning, estimation of cost, schedules (SPM)

A

Planning

70
Q

To overcome the problems and risk (technical and management risks) (SPM)

A

Risk Analysis

71
Q

Done by engineers and developers (all coding, testing, and developing of software takes place) (SPM)

A

Engineering and Execution

72
Q

Product is assessed by the client (inclides all the above phases) (SPM)

A

Evaluation

73
Q

Forsberg and Mooz; this model starts with user needs on the upper left and ends with a user-validated system on the upper right

A

Vee Process Model

74
Q

Foundation of the entire system design

A

Conceptual Design Phase (CDP)

75
Q

The first and most important phase of the system design and development process.

A

Conceptual Design Phase (CDP)

76
Q

It is an early and high-level life-cycle activity with the potential to establish, commit, and otherwise predetermine the function, form, cost, and development schedule of the desired systems and its product(s).

A

Conceptual Design Phase (CDP)

77
Q

Should be presented in specific qualitative and quantitative terms and in enough detail to justify progressing to the next step.

A

Statement of the Problem

78
Q

Generally commences woth the identification of a “want” or “desire” for something based on some “real” deficiency.

A

System Engineering Process

79
Q

Should be performed with the objective of translating a broadly defined “want” into more specific system-level requirement.

A

Need Analysis

80
Q

It is accomplished with the objective of evaluating the different technological approaches that may be considered in responding to the specified functional requirements

A

Analysis/Feasibility Analysis

81
Q

What are the three things to be considered in Analysis Feasibility Analysis

A

Access Technical Requirement, Potential User (Market), Legal Consideration

82
Q

The prime mission of the system and alternate or secondary missions.

A

Mission Definition

83
Q

The operating characteristics or functions of the system such as size, weight, range, accuracy, bits, capacity, transportation, receive, etc.

A

Performance and Physical Parameters

84
Q

The quantity of equipment, software, personnel, facilities, and so on, and the expected geographical locationn to include transportation and mobility requirements

A

Operational Deployment or Distribution

85
Q

Anticipated time that the system will be in operational use

A

Operational Life Cycle

86
Q

Anticipated usage of the system and its elements (e.g., hours of operation per day, percetage of total capacity, operational cycles per month, facility loading, etc.)

A

Utilization Requirement

87
Q

System requirements specified as (Cost/system effectiveness, Operational availability, Readiness rate, Dependability, Logistics support effectiveness, Mean time between maintenance (MTBM), Failure rate, Maintenance downtime (MDT), Facility utilization, Operator skill levels, Task accomplishment requirements, Personnel efficiency)

A

Effectiveness Factors

88
Q

The system is expected to operate (e.g., temperature, humidity, arctic or tropics, mountainous or flat terrain, airborne, ground, shipboard, etc.)

A

Environment

89
Q

Should include a range of values as applicable and should cover all transportation, handling, and storage modes.

A

Environment

90
Q

May be applied as “design-to” criteria for the prime, the maintenance, and logistics support.

A

Technical Performance Measures (TPMs)

91
Q

Specific performance-related factors are identified and applied with the objective of ensuring that the system will be designed and developed such that it will satisfactorily accomplish its intended mission(s).

A

Technical Performance Measures (TPMs)

92
Q

A structured process or mechanism for determining customer requirements and transporting them into relevent technical requirements that each functional area and organization level can understand and act upon.

A

Quality Function Deployment (QFD)

93
Q

Reflects the needs and wants of the customer, Starting point of desiging products and processes

A

Voice of Customer (VOC)

94
Q

Translates customer requirements into technical requirements

A

Product Planning

95
Q

Translates technical requirements into component characteristics

A

Product Design

96
Q

Identifies process steps and parameters and translates them into process characteristics

A

Process Planning

97
Q

Assigns control methods to process characteristics

A

Process-Control Planning

98
Q

The most critical step in the system

A

Preliminary Design Phase

99
Q

It is also known as advance development

A

Preliminary Design Phase

100
Q

It extends the translation of system level requirement into design requirements for the subsystem level

A

Preliminary Design Phase

101
Q

Refers to a specific or discrete action that is necessary to achieve a given objective

A

Function

102
Q

An iterative process of breaking requirements down from the system level to the subsystem, and as far down the hierarchical structure as necessary to identify input design criteria and/or constraints for the various elements of the system

A

Functional Analysis

103
Q

Serves as a basis in the development of the following: reliability models and block diagram, Fault-tree analysis, System safety/hazard analysis, maintainability analysis, level-of-repair analysis, supportability analysis, and etc.

A

Functional Analysis

104
Q

Given the identification of the system elements, the next step id to ___________ or apportion the requirements specified for the system down to the level desired to provide a meaningful input design.

A

Allocate

105
Q

This involves a top-down distribution of the quantitative and qualitative criteria through the QFD analysis.

A

Allocation of Requirements

106
Q

Can be defined as “the probability that a system or product will perform in a satisfactory manner for a given period of time when used under specified operating conditions”.

A

Reliability

107
Q

This technique is a straightforward method that assigns equal reliability requirements for all subsystems based on the system requirements.

A

Equal Apportionment Technique

108
Q

The failure rate for the system is first determined and then previous history or other estimation methods are used to provide a weighing (WI) for each subsystem to determine what the individual subsytem failure rate must be to achieve the system reliability requirement.

A

ARINC Apportionment Technique

109
Q

Characteristic of design and installation that reflects the ease, accuracy, safety, and economy of performing maintenance actions

A

Maintainability

110
Q

Detail design baseline derived during preliminary design

A

Detail Design and Development Phase

111
Q

Overall system and its major subsystems in hand, one may proceed to the realizaton of specific system components

A

Detail Design and Development Phase

112
Q

The design team has been established with the overall objective of integrating the various system elements into a final system configuration

A

Evolution of Detail Design

113
Q

The application of computer-aided engineering (CAE) and computer-aided design (CAD) enables the projection of many different design alternatives throughout the life cycle.

A

Detail Design Tools and Aids

114
Q

Represents the production/construction configuration of a system (and its elements) in all aspects of form, fit, and function except that it has not been fully “qualified” in terms of operational and environmental testing

A

Prototype Model

115
Q

The objective is to accomplish a specified amount of testing for the purpose of design evaluation prior to entering a formal test and evaluation phase.

A

System Prototype Development

116
Q

The purpose is to assist in the verification of technical concepts and various system design approaches. Areas of noncompliance with the specificied requirements are identified and corrective action is initiated as required.

A

System Prototype Development

117
Q

Comprehensive analysis of all of the equipment, software, and any other elements.

A

Equipment/Software Design Review

118
Q

Generally, will be doing after comprehensive analysis of all the elements, before releasing to the production.

A

Critical Design Review

119
Q

The success of a formal design review is dependent on depth planning, organization, and data preparation

A

Design Review Goal

120
Q

Initially establish during the conceptual design phase of life cycle, preferably in parallel with the definition of the overall design requirements for the system

A

System Test, Evaluation, and Validation

121
Q

The examination and assessment of a system in terms of worth, quality of performance, degree of effectiveness, anticipated cost and so on.

A

System Test, Evaluation, and Validation

122
Q

It pertains to certain design evaluation that can be conducted early in the system life cycle using computerized techniques to introduce CAD, CAM, CALS, simulation, rapid prototyping and related approaches.

A

Analytical

123
Q

It refers primarily to the evaluation of system components in the laboratory using engineering beadboards, bench test models, service test modules, rapid prototyping, and the like

A

Type I Testing

124
Q

Temperature cycling, shock and vibration, humidity, sand, and dust, salt spray, acoustic noise, eplosion proofing, and electromagnetic interface.

A

Environmental Qualification

125
Q

Sequential testing, life testing, environmental stress screening (ESS) and test, analyze, and fix

A

Reliability Qualification

126
Q

Verification of maintenance tasks, tasks times and sequences, maintenance personnel quantities and skill levels, degree of testability and diagnostic provisions, prime equipment-test equipment interfaces, maintenance procedures, and maintenance facilities.

A

Maintainability Demonstration

127
Q

verification of the compatibility among the prime equipment, test and support equipment, and ground handling equipment

A

Support Equipment Compatibility

128
Q

The verification and validation of operating procedures, maintenance procedures, and supporting data.

A

Technical Data Verification

129
Q

Verification to ensure the compatibility among the human and equipment, the personnel quantities and skill level required, and training needs

A

Personnel Test and Evaluation

130
Q

Verification that software meets the system requirements, the compatibility between software and hardware, and that the appropriate quality provisions have been incorporated

A

Software Compatibility

131
Q

It includes the completion of formal tests at desgined field test sites by user personnel over an extended period of time. Operating personnel, operational test and support equipment, operational spares, applicable computer software, and validated operating and maintenance procedures are used.

A

Type III Testing

132
Q

It is conducted during the system operational use and life-cycle support phase, includes formal tests that are sometimes conduced to acquire specific information relative to some area of operation or support.

A

Type IV Testing

Systems Engineering (1 decks)

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