lesson 1 & 2

Question 1

Myth

Answer 1

widely held false belief or idea, similar to misconception, delusion and fallacy, contradicting between perspective and evidence.

Question 2

Pseudoscience

Answer 2

beliefs and practice that may appear to be scientific but actually violate the criteria of science, its not predictable, empirical and can’t be falsified.

Question 3

Criteria for evidence to be scientific

Answer 3

it has to be gained from observation( Empirical), free from bias( objective), gathered in a step by- step procedure( systematic), and potentially confusing factors eliminated (controlled).

Question 4

Sources of psychological myth

Answer 4

External factors ( words of mouth, media), misunderstanding of science (confusions in terminology, confusion of magnitude and/or scope of effects), internal factors (cognitive mechanism)

Question 5

Cognitive factors (biases) as a source of myths

Answer 5

Cognitive shortcut (Desire for easy answer, selective perception and memory), Overgeneralisation ( exposure to biased samples), Misattributions of causality (inferring causation from correlation, post hoc, ergo propter hoc reasoning).

Question 6

Heuristics

Answer 6

Mental shortcuts

Question 7

Sampling bias

Answer 7

have a strong bias towards believing that small samples closely resemble the population from which they are drawn. they are usually not independent.

Question 8

Gambler’s fallacy

Answer 8

a bias to assess the probability of a certain event by assessing how similar it is to previous events, even when we know they are independent.

Question 9

Anchoring effect

Answer 9

Reliance on a first piece of information which may be irrelevant to make subsequent judgements.

Question 10

Confirmation bias

Answer 10

Tendency to search for, interpret, favour and recall information in a way that confirms or support our prior beliefs.

Question 11

Hindsight bias

Answer 11

Tendency for people to view events as more predictable than they really are.

Question 12

Bias blind spot

Answer 12

Recognizing the impact of biased judgement of others, easier than we do for ourselves.

Question 13

Dunning-Kruger effect

Answer 13

Believing we are smarter and more capable than we actually are.

Question 14

Availability heuristic

Answer 14

judging the frequency of events by the ease with which we think of examples.

Question 15

System 1 for thinking

Answer 15

It’s fast, unconscious, automatic, prone to error and consist of everyday decision making.

Question 16

System 2 for thinking

Answer 16

It’s slow, conscious, effortful, reliable and consist of complex decision making.