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Lie Detection > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is POLYGRAPHY?

A

It is the scientific method of detecting deception, using a polygraph machine.

Polygraphy measures physiological responses to questions.

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2
Q

Define FEAR in the context of lie detection.

A

It is an emotional response to specific danger that appears to be beyond a person’s defensive power.

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3
Q

What is a STIMULUS?

A

It is a force or motion reaching the organism and excites the receptors.

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4
Q

What does REACTION refer to?

A

It is an action in mental attitude evoked by external influence.

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5
Q

Define DECEPTION.

A

It is an act of deceiving or misleading usually accompanied by lying.

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6
Q

What is the meaning of DETECTION?

A

The act of discovery of existence, presence of fact or something hidden or obscure.

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7
Q

What is LYING?

A

The uttering or conveying of falsehood or creating false or misleading information with the intention of affecting wrongfully the acts and opinion of others.

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8
Q

What is a RESPONSE?

A

It is any activity or inhibition of the previous activity of an organism resulting from stimulation.

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9
Q

What is a SPECIFIC RESPONSE?

A

It is any deviation from the normal tracing of the subject.

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10
Q

What does NORMAL TRACING refer to?

A

A tracing on the chart wherein the subject answered in the irrelevant question.

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11
Q

Who is a POLYGRAPH EXAMINER?

A

One who conducts and administers the test.

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12
Q

What are CHARTS or POLYGRAMS?

A

Composite records of pneumograph, Galvanograph, and cardiosphygmograph tracings recorded from a series of questions.

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13
Q

What is a SUBJECT in lie detection?

A

The person being examined.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of understanding Lie Detection?

A

To establish the truth in every criminal investigation for proper prosecution of offenders.

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15
Q

What methods do criminal investigators apply to establish the truth?

A
  • Observation
  • Mechanical lie detection
  • Use of drugs that inhibit the ‘inhibitor’
  • Hypnosis
  • Interrogation
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16
Q

What constitutes a LIE?

A

Any untruthful statement; falsehood; anything that deceives or creates a false impression.

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17
Q

What is a WHITE LIE?

A

A kind of lie used to protect or maintain the harmony of friendship or any relationship.

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18
Q

Define PATHOLOGICAL LIE.

A

A lie made by persons who cannot distinguish right from wrong.

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19
Q

What is a RED LIE?

A

A lie involving political interests and motives, often used as part of communist propaganda strategy.

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20
Q

What does BLACK LIE refer to?

A

A lie that accompanies pretensions and hypocrisies, intending to cause dishonor or discredit one’s good image.

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21
Q

What is a MALICIOUS or JUDICIAL LIE?

A

A very pure and unjustifiable kind of lie intended purely to mislead or obstruct justice.

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22
Q

Who are PANIC LIARS?

A

Those who lie to avoid the consequences of a confession due to fear of embarrassment.

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23
Q

What characterizes OCCUPATIONAL LIARS?

A

Practical liars who lie when it has a higher payoff than telling the truth.

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24
Q

What are TOURNAMENT LIARS known for?

A

They enjoy lying and see it as a challenge, aiming to win without being detected.

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25
Define PSYCHOPATHIC LIARS.
The most difficult type of liar who has no conscience and shows no regret for dishonesty.
26
What are ETHNOLOGICAL LIARS?
Those who are taught not to reveal secrets of their organization.
27
What is a PATHOLOGICAL LIAR?
A person who cannot distinguish right from wrong, often seen as insane.
28
What is the ORDEAL in early methods of detecting deception?
A common method of deciding guilt or innocence through physical tests.
29
Describe the RED HOT IRON ORDEAL.
The accused places their tongue to a red hot iron; if burned, they are put to death.
30
What is the ORDEAL BY BALANCE?
The accused is placed on one end of a scale; if they are lighter after stepping off, they are acquitted.
31
What is the BOILING WATER ORDEAL?
The accused plunges their arm into boiling water; those who show blisters are deemed guilty.
32
What does the ORDEAL BY RICE CHEWING involve?
The accused chews rice and if their saliva shows blood or swelling, they are declared a liar.
33
Explain the ORDEAL OF THE RED WATER.
The accused fasts and swallows rice; if they eject it after drinking dark water, they are innocent.
34
What is the TRIAL BY COMBAT?
A fight between the accuser and accused, where the loser is deemed guilty.
35
What is the TRIAL BY TORTURE?
The accused undergoes severe physical tests to determine guilt or innocence.
36
What is the purpose of the Administration of TRUTH SERUM?
To depress the nervous system and elicit statements from subjects.
37
What is NARCOANALYSIS?
A method using sodium amytal to depress the brain's inhibitory mechanisms to elicit free speech.
38
What is the significance of HYPNOSIS in lie detection?
It alters consciousness and may help in investigations, but confessions are not admissible as evidence.
39
Who was ANGELO MOSSO?
He studied fear and its influence on the heart, forming the basis for detecting techniques.
40
What did CESARE LOMBROSO develop?
The first scientific instrument to detect deception known as the hydrosphymograph.
41
What is the main reason why psychiatric treatment is not admissible as evidence?
It is involuntary and mentally coercive. ## Footnote This raises ethical concerns regarding consent and the integrity of the evidence.
42
Who studied fear and its influence on the heart, forming the basis for detection techniques?
Angelo Mosso ## Footnote He developed the sphygmomanometer for measuring blood pressure.
43
What instrument did Cesare Lombroso employ for detecting deception?
Hydrosphymograph ## Footnote This instrument measures changes in pulse and blood pressure.
44
Who is considered the father of modern polygraphy?
William Moulton Marston ## Footnote He researched the sphygmomanometer's use in detecting lies.
45
What significant development did John Larson contribute to polygraph technology?
He developed the first two recording channel polygraph in 1921. ## Footnote This device measured blood pressure, pulse, and respiration simultaneously.
46
What was the main improvement made by Leonarde Keeler in 1949?
He invented the 'Keeler Polygraph' ## Footnote This included components for recording blood pressure, pulse, respiration changes, and GSR.
47
What did John E. Reid design for recording muscular activities?
A special chair equipped with metal bellows. ## Footnote This chair recorded unobserved muscular activities of the arms, thighs, and feet.
48
What did Vittorio Benussi use to detect deception?
A pneumograph ## Footnote This instrument measures inhalation and exhalation patterns.
49
According to H. Harold Burtt, what indicates deception more effectively?
Changes in systolic blood pressure. ## Footnote He found these changes to be more valuable than respiratory changes.
50
What did J. Luigi Galvani develop related to deception detection?
The galvanic skin reflex (GSR) ## Footnote This measures electrical bodily resistance and reflects emotional changes.
51
Who first suggested using a galvanograph for detecting deception?
K. Sticker ## Footnote His suggestion was based on the works of several predecessors.
52
What term did K. Veraguth introduce in 1907?
Psychogalvanic reflex ## Footnote He believed this phenomenon was due to the activity of sweat glands.
53
What test did Leonarde Keeler develop in 1950?
The 'relevant – irrelevant' test. ## Footnote It theorizes that the guilty will react to relevant questions, while the innocent will not.
54
What was the purpose of John E. Reid's 'reviewed control question' test?
To stimulate the innocent subject and identify nervous tension. ## Footnote It improves contrast between innocent and guilty subjects.
55
What technique did Cleve Backster develop in 1960?
The 'Backster Zone Comparison Test' ## Footnote This technique provides constant monitoring of the subject's reactivity.
56
When was the term 'polygraph' first described, and by whom?
In 1906 by Sir James Mackenzie. ## Footnote He described it in an article titled 'The Ink Polygraph'.
57
What did Vittorio Benussi present in 1913?
A paper on respiratory symptoms of lying. ## Footnote This was presented at the second meeting of the Italian Society for Psychology.
58
Who was the first polygraphist to record breathing patterns simultaneously?
Richard O. Archer ## Footnote He also founded the Journal of Polygraph Science in 1966.
59
What did Richard I. Golden experiment with in 1969?
Existing control question techniques requiring subjects to answer twice. ## Footnote This method compared truthful answers with known lies.
60
What psychological test did Francis Galton develop in 1879?
The word Association Test. ## Footnote This test allows patients to express their first thoughts generated by presented words.
61
What did Allen Bell Jr. and Charles Mc Quiston develop in 1972?
An instrument to detect slight trembling in the voice. ## Footnote This trembling may indicate whether a person is telling the truth.
62
Who introduced hypnotism as a method of detecting deception?
Anton Mesmer ## Footnote He was the first to utilize this approach in 1778.
63
What method did Dr. Edward Mandel House introduce for detecting deception?
Truth serum. ## Footnote This method is used to elicit truthful responses.
64

Lie Detection (1 decks)

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