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Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The only imaging modality that have both diagnosis and treatment.

A

Nuclear Medicine

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2
Q

PLDT means

A

Physiology
Ligand
Diagnosis
Treatment

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3
Q

It is the smallest unit of a chemical element possessing the properties of that element

A

ATOM

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4
Q

It is made up of one or more atoms

A

MOLECULE

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5
Q

It means indivisible

A

ATOMOS

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6
Q

First group of people who first thought of atomism.

A

GREEKS

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7
Q

Scientists thought that all matter was composed of______

A

Four substances: Earth (dry), Water (wet), Fire (hot), and Air (cold)

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8
Q

He is an english school teacher published a book summarizing his experiments, which showed that the elements could be classified according to integral values of atomic mass.

A

John Dalton - 1808

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9
Q

The physical combination of one type of atom with another was visualized as being an __________

A

Eye and Hook affair

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10
Q

He concluded that electrons were an integral part of all atoms.

A

Joseph John Thompson - Late 1890

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11
Q

He described the atom as looking something like a plum pudding, in which the plums represented negative electric charges (electrons) and the pudding was a shapeless mass of uniform positive electrification.

A

Joseph John Thompson - Late 1890

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12
Q

The number of electrons was thought to equal the quantity of positive electrification because the atom was known to be electrically_______

A

NEUTRAL

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13
Q

He was the one who disproved the Thomson’s model of atom.

A

Ernest Rutherford - 1911

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14
Q

He introduced the nuclear model, which described the atom as containing a small, dense, positively charged center surrounded by a negative cloud of electrons.

A

Ernest Rutherford - 1911

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15
Q

Center of the atom is called___

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

He improved Rutherford’s description of the atom.

A

Niels Bohr - 1913

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17
Q

His model was a miniature solar system in which the electrons revolved around the nucleus in prescribed orbits or energy levels.

A

Niels Bohr - 1913

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18
Q

Contains a small, dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons that revolve in fixed, well-defined orbits about the nucleus.

A

Niels Bohr - 1913

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19
Q

He is a russian scholar that showed that if the elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, a periodic repetition of similar chemical properties occurred.

A

Dmitri Mendeleev

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20
Q

How many elements were there in the first table of elements?

A

65 elements

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21
Q

It is a neutral charge

A

Neutron

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22
Q

It is negatively charged

A

Electron

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23
Q

It is positively charged

A

Proton

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23
Q

He discovered the neutron

A

James Chadwick

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24
He discovered the electron
Joseph John Thompson
25
He discovered the proton
Eugene Goldstein
26
Mass of neutron
1.675 x 10^-27 kg
27
Mass of electron
9.11 x 10^-31 kg
28
Mass of proton
1.673 x 10^-27 kg
29
It is the number of protons; represented by "Z"
Atomic number
30
The number of proton plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom, symbolized by "A".
Atomic mass number (always whole number)
31
Same atomic number but different atomic mass number and neutron number (SDD)
Isotope
32
Different atomic number but same atomic mass number and different neutron number (DSD)
Isobar
33
Different atomic number and Atomic mass number but same neutron number (DDS)
Isotone
34
Same atomic number, atomic mass number, and neutron number (SSS)
Isomer
35
It is the energy emitted and transferred through space
Radiation
36
It is a transfer of energy
Radiation
37
Another term for radiation
*Electromagnetic energy *Electromagnetic radiation
38
It is the process of removing an electron from an atom.
Ionization
39
Occurs when an x-ray passes close to an orbital electron of an atom and transfers sufficient energy to the electron to remove it from the atom.
Ionization
40
Type of radiation that can remove an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts.
Ionizing Radiation
41
Series of energy waves composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields traveling at the speed of light. This have less energy than ionizing radiation. It does not remove electrons from atoms or molecules of materials that include air, water, and living tissue.
Non-Ionizing Radiation
42
Usually occurs farther away from the charged particle's trajectory than ionization.
Excitation
43
TRUE or FALSE: Each excitation event increases the charged particle’s velocity
FALSE (it reduces)
44
Electromagnetic radiation that is produced when charged particles are deflected (decelerated) while traveling near an atomic nucleus.
Bremsstrahlung Radiation
45
Large particles, like alpha particles, do not produce significant bremsstrahlung because they travel in____
Straight lines
46
Particulate and electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun and stars.
Cosmic Radiation
47
Results from deposits of uranium, thorium, and other radionuclides in the earth.
Terrestrial Radiation
48
These are natural metabolites
Potassium-40
49
It is the largest source of natural environmental radiation.
Radon
50
Radioactive gas that is produced by the natural radioactive decay of uranium which is present in trace quantities in earth
Radon
51
Found in nuclear powerplants, mineral coming from the earth.
Uranium
52
Any radiation sources produced by humans
Man-made radiation
53
What radioactive element does smoke detectors contain?
Americium 241
54
What radioactive element does glow in the dark watches contain?
Tritium
55
The watch dials on which they worked were extremely small, they were instructed to use their lips to bring their paint brushes to a fine point. When they asked about radium’s safety, they were assured by their managers that they had nothing to worry about.
Radium Girls
56
Father of modern theory of atoms and molecules
John Dalton
57
Father of Radioactivity
Antoine Henri Becquerel
58
Discovered radium and polonium
Marie Curie
59
Father of Nuclear Medicine
George De Hevesy
60
Invented the cyclotron
Ernest Orlando Lawrence
61
Discovered the technetium
Emilio Segre and Carlo Perrier
62
Discovered positron
Carl Anderson
63
Discovered nuclear reactors
Enrico Fermi
64
Father of PET
David Kuhl
65
Developed the first gamma camera
Hal Anger
66
Other name of gamma camera
Anger Scintillator Camera
67
Phenomenon of spontaneous emission of such particles from the nucleus. Emission of particles and energy in order to become stable.
Radioactivity
68
Who discovered radioactivity
Antoine Henri Becquerel in 1896
69
He classified it as alpha, beta, and gamma rays according to their ability to penetrate matter and ionize air.
Ernest Rutherford
70
It has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable.
Radioactive Isotopes "radionuclide" or "radioactive nuclides"
71
These may be artificially produced in machines such as particle accelerators or nuclear reactors.
Radioactive isotopes
72
Some atoms exist in an abnormally excited state characterized by an unstable nucleus. Process to which the nucleus spontaneously emits particles and energy and transforms itself into another atom.
Radioactive decay
73
Consists of two protons and two neutrons bound together, its atomic mass number is 4.
Alpha decay
74
An electron created in the nucleus is ejected from the nucleus with considerable kinetic energy and escapes from the atom. The result is the loss of a small quantity of mass and one unit of negative electric charge from the nucleus of the atom. Simultaneously, a neutron undergoes conversion to a proton.
Beta decay
75
This is to increase the atomic number by one while the atomic mass number remains the same. This nuclear transformation results in the changing of an atom from one type of element to another
Beta decay
76
Formula of Radioactive half life
T 1/2
77
Radioisotopes disintegrate into stable isotopes of different elements at a decreasing rate so that the quantity of radioactive material never quite reaches zero.
Radioactive half-life
78
Two types of ionizing radiation
Particulate radiation Electromagnetic Radiation
79
Equivalent to a helium nucleus. It contains two protons and two neutrons. It has a very short range in matter.
Alpha Particles
80
Alpha radiation from an _______ is nearly harmless because the radiation energy is deposited in the superficial layers of the skin.
External source
81
Alpha radiation from an ________ can intensely irradiate the local tissue
Internal source
82
They are light particles with an atomic mass number of 0 and carry one unit of negative or positive charge.
Beta particles
83
Beta particles originates in the ________ of radioactive atoms.
Nuclei
84
Electrons exist in _______ the nuclei of all atoms.
Shells outside
85
Positive beta particles They have the same mass as electrons and are antimatter.
Positron
86
What is the speed of light
c = 3x108m/s
87
It has no mass and no charge, considered energy disturbances in space.
Photons
88
Are emitted from the nucleus of a radioisotope and are usually associated with alpha or beta emission.
Gamma rays
89
Are produced outside the nucleus in the electron shells.
X-rays
90
Photon radiation loses intensity with distance but theoretically never reaches _______
Zero
91
It is composed of electromagnetic rays. It is distinguished from x-rays only by the fact that it comes from the nucleus.
Gamma
92
Most useful type of radiation for medical purposes, but at the same time it is the most dangerous because of its ability to penetrate large thicknesses of material.
Gamma rays
93
International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) issued standard units based on SI that have since been adopted by all countries except the United States.
1981
94
The National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements (NCRP) and all U.S. scientific and medical societies adopted Le Système International d’Unités (The International System, SI)
Early 1990's
95
Meaning of KERMA
Kinetic Energy Released in Matter
96
It is the kinetic energy transferred from photons to electrons during ionization and excitation.
Gya (Air Kerma)
97
SI unit of air kerma is used to express _____
Radiation exposure
98
SI unit of Exposure (R)
Air kerma (Gya)
99
The deposition of energy per unit mass by ionizing radiation in the patient’s body tissue.
Absorbed dose
100
Responsible for whatever biologic damage occurs as a result of tissues being exposed to x-radiation.
Absorbed dose
101
It used to express the quantity of radiation received by radiation workers and populations.
Sievert (Sv)
102
SI unit of Absorbed dose (rad)
gray (Gyt)
103
SI unit of Effective dose (rem)
Sievert (Sv)
104
SI unit of Radioactivity (Ci)
Becquerel (Bq)

NucMed (2 decks)

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