Lesson 1 Flashcards
Roots of contemporary psychological testing and assessment can be found during?
Early 20th France
When did Alfred Binet and a colleague publish a test designed to help place
Paris schoolchildren in appropriate classes?
1905
Term used to refer to everything from the administration of a test
Testing
Data generated were subjected to thoughtful integration and
evaluation by highly trained assessment center staff
Assessment
Process of measuring psychology-related variables by
means of devices or procedures designed to obtain a sample of behavior
Psychological testing
Gathering and integration of psychology- related
data for the purpose of making a psychological evaluation that is accomplished
through the use of tools such as tests, interviews, case studies, behavioral
observation, and specially designed apparatuses and measurement procedures
Psychological assessment
May be defined simply as a measuring device or procedure
Test
Refers to a device or procedure designed to measure variables
related to psychology
Psychological test
Pertains to the form, plan, structure, arrangement, and layout of test items as
well as to related considerations such as time limits
Format
Process of assigning such evaluative codes or statements to performance
on tests, tasks, interviews, or other behavior samples
Scoring
Reference point, usually numerical, derived by judgment and used to
divide a set of data into two or more classifications.
Cut score
May be defined as the science of psychological measurement
Psychometrics
Method of gathering information through direct communication involving reciprocal
exchange.
The Interview
Paper, canvas, film, video, audio, or some other medium; samples of one’s ability and accomplishment
The Portfolio
Refers to records, transcripts, and other accounts in written, pictorial, or other form
that preserve archival information, official and informal accounts, and other data and
items relevant to an assessee.
Case history of data
Monitoring the actions of others or oneself by visual or electronic means while
recording quantitative and/or qualitative information regarding the actions
Behavioral observation
Sometimes researchers venture outside of the confines of clinics, classrooms,
workplaces, and research laboratories in order to observe behavior of humans in a
natural setting—that is, the setting in which the behavior would typically be expected
to occur.
Naturalistic
observation
- acting an improvised or partially improvised part in a simulated situation
- tool of assessment wherein assessees are directed to act as if they were in a
particular situation
Role Play Test
-Computers can serve as test administrators (online or off) and as highly effi cient test
scorers. Within seconds they can derive not only test scores but patterns of test scores
Computer as tools
Test-related data may be sent to and
returned from this central facility by means of phone lines ( teleprocessing ), by mail,
or courier
Central location
Account of performance spewed out can
range from a mere listing of score or scores (i.e., a simple scoring report ) to the
more detailed extended scoring report, which includes statistical analyses of the
testtaker’s performance
Processed locally or centrally
CAPA, typically refers to the assistance computers provide to the test
user, not the testtaker
Computer Assisted Psychological Assessment
WHO:
Create tests or other
methods of assessment
The test developer
WHO:
Psychological tests and assessment methodologies are used by a
wide range of professionals, including clinicians, counselors, school
psychologists, human resources personnel,consumer psychologists, experimental
psychologists, social psychologists
The test user
Anyone who is the subject of an assessment or an evaluation
The testtaker
May be defined as a reconstruction of a deceased individual’s
psychological profi le on the basis of archival records, artifacts, and interviews
Psychological autopsy
Parties in the assessment enterprise
WHO
Types of settings are assessments conducted
WHAT
Another type of test commonly given in schools is an
achievement test, which evaluates accomplishment or the degree of learning that has
taken place
School ability test
May be defined as a description or conclusion reached on the basis of
evidence and opinion
Diagnosis
Refers to a tool of assessment used to help narrow down and identify
areas of defi cit to be targeted for intervention.
Diagnostic test
As mandated by law, tests are administered early in school life to help identify
children who may have special needs
Educational settings
These tools are used to help screen for or diagnose behavior problems
Clinical settings
Assessment may occur in environments as diverse as schools,
prisons, and government or privately owned institutions.
Counseling settings
Older individuals; at some point require psychological assessment to evaluate
cognitive, psychological, adaptive, or other functioning.
Geriatric settings
In business, as in the military, tests are used in many ways, perhaps most notably in
decision making about the careers of personnel.
Business and military settings
One of the many applications of measurement is in governmental licensing, certification, or general credentialing of professionals.
Governmental and organizational credentialing
The way assessments are conducted
HOW
Refers to the form or sheet or booklet on which the testtaker’s responses are
entered.
Protocol
May be defined as the adaptation of a test, procedure, or
situation, or the substitution of one test for another, to make the assessment more
suitable for an assessee with exceptional needs.
Accommodation
Evaluative or diagnostic procedure or process that
varies from the usual, customary, or standardized way a measurement is derived either
by virtue of some special accommodation made to the assessee or by means of
alternative methods designed to measure the same variable(s).
Alternate assessment
This is where one go for authoritative information about tests
WHERE
-one of the most readily accessible sources of information and is distributed
by the publisher of the test
- usually contain only a brief description of the test and seldom
contain the kind of detailed technical information that a prospective user might
require.
- objective is to sell the test
-highly critical reviews of a test are seldom, if ever, found in it
Test catalogues
- detailed information concerning the development of a particular test and technical
information
-for security purposes, the test publisher will typically require documentation of
professional training before filling an order for it
Test manual
- “one-stop shopping” for a great deal of test-related information.
-this volume, which is also updated periodically, provides detailed information for
each test listed, including test publisher, test author, test purpose, intended test
population, and test administration time.
Reference volumes
- may contain reviews of the test, updated or independent
studies of its psychometric soundness, or examples of how the instrument was used in
either research or an applied context - rich source of information on important trends in testing and
assessment.
Journal articles
- American Psychological Association (APA) maintains a number of this which is
useful in locating psychology-related information in journal articles, book chapters,
and doctoral dissertations
Online databases
Your school library contains a number of other sources that may be used to acquire
information about tests and test-related topics
Other Source
Who developed DASS 21?
S.H Lovibond and P.F
Lovibond, 1995
21-item self-report measure designed to assess the severity of general
psychological distress and symptoms related to
depression, anxiety, and stress in adults older adolescents
(17 years +).
Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21
Assesses symptoms such as
dysphoria, hopelessness, devaluation of life, lack of
interest, anhedonia, and inertia
Depression subscale
Evaluates symptoms such as
autonomic arousal, skeletal muscle effects, situational
anxiety, and subjective experience of anxious affect.
Anxiety subscale
Measures symptoms related to
difficulty relaxing, nervous arousal, and being easily
upset, irritable, and impatience.
Stress subscale
DASS-42 is used more in ________
DASS-21 is used more in ________
Clinical settings
Research and screening
Seven-item instrument
used as screening tool and severity
measure for generalized anxiety
disorder, measuring its
frequency and severity experienced by
individuals over the past two weeks.
GAD-7 (2006)
Proponent of Raven’s Progressive Matrices
John Raven
A non‐verbal test that is widely used to measure the general
intelligence also known as G Factor proposed by Charles
Spearman.
RAVEN PROGRESSIVE MATRICES
Represents individuals’ abilities to perceive relationships and to
derive conclusions from them.
G FACTOR
Ability to solve newly encountered problems based on logic
and reason
FLUID INTELLIGENCE
RPM tests a person’
s ability to identify patterns and relationships
within visual matrices without reliance on verbal or numerical cues.
ABSTRACT REASONING
RPM requires individuals to manipulate and transform geometric
shapes mentally.
SPATIAL REASONING
Raven’s 3 versions
Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM
Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM)
Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM)
RAVEN’S:
A test designed for individuals aged
6-16 and adults of average
intelligence, assessing clear thinking,
spatial, logical, and general
observation skills.
Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM)
RAVEN’S:
A test for children aged 5-11, the
elderly, and individuals with moderate
to severe learning difficulties,
evaluating observational skills,
pattern completion, and early
reasoning abilities.
Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM
RAVEN’S:
For individuals aged 12 and above,
assessing advanced observation, logical
thinking, and intellectual capacity,
designed to identify high intellectual
ability and performance under time
constraints.
Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM)
Detailed tool used to
assess normal-range personality traits. It’s proven to be useful in many situations where
a thorough understanding of an individual is required.
The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire or 16PF
Proponent of 16PF Questionnaire
Raymond Cattell
Powerful new tool for identifying underlying dimensions behind complex phenomena.
Factor analysis
Refers to individual differences and unique ways in characteristic patterns of thinking,
feeling, and behaving.
Personality
Consistent and stable behavior or emotion that contributes to someone’s personality.
Traits
Fundamental elements that shape a person’s personality, like
being shy or sociable
Source Traits
Things we can see and directly observe in people’s behavior.
Surface Traits
